Chapter 5:

System Analysis in Domain

Transform
System Function, Linear Constant Coefficient Different Equation, ROC
determination and System Properties, Impulse response classification.

1
 Introduction

𝑥𝑛 𝑦𝑛
ℎ[𝑛]

• 𝑦[ 𝑛] is the result of the convolution of 𝑥[𝑛] & ℎ[𝑛]

𝑦[𝑛] = 𝑥[𝑛] ∗ ℎ[𝑛]
• In LTI system, in z-plane, the convolution is equivalent to
a multiplication process
𝑌(𝑧) = 𝑋(𝑧) x 𝐻(𝑧)

2
 System Function H(z)

Also called transfer function

It is a function in z-domain that relates the input signal x[n] with the
output signal y[n] where
Y ( z)
H ( z) 
X ( z)
• For continuous-time systems, differential equation may be solved
using Laplace transform
• Similarly discrete-time systems result in Difference Equations
which may be solved using z-transform
• There is a simple relationship for a signal time-shifting
properties x[n  1]  
z
z 1 X ( z )
• This is fundamental for deriving the transfer function of a difference
equation which is expressed in terms of the input-output signal
delays
• The transfer function of a discrete time LTI system is the z transform
of the system’s impulse response
Example 5.1

• Determine the system function and the unit sample response of

the system described by the difference equation

1
y (n)  y (n  1)  2 x(n)
2

1 1
Y ( z)  z Y ( z)  2 X ( z)
2
Y ( z) 2
H ( z)  
X ( z ) 1  1 z 1
2
1 n
h(n)  2( ) u (n)
2
Example 5.2
Determine the system function for
a) y[n]  2 x[n  2]  x[n  1]  2 x[n]

b)  0.5 y[n  1]  0.6 y[n  2]  3 x[n]

c) Construct the Linear Constant Coefficient Difference

Equation (LCCDE) of the following system
1  2 z 1  3z 2
H ( z) 
(1  0.5 z 1 )(1  0.5 z 1 )
3 1
d) y[n]  y[n  1]  y[n  2]  x[n]  x[n  1]
4 8
Exercise

Obtain the difference equation for

1  z 1
(a) H ( z) 
1  2 z 1  0.5 z  2
z 1
(b) H ( z) 
(1  z 1 )(1  0.5 z 1 )
(c) h[n]  0.5n u[n]
Causality and Stability

A discrete time LTI system is causal if and only if

1. The ROC is the exterior of a circle outside the outermost pole
2. If H(z) is expressed as ratio of polynomial in ‘z’, the order of the
numerator cannot be greater than the order of the denumerator

An LTI system is stable is

3. It’s system function H(z) includes the unit circle (|z|=1)
4. A causal LTI system is stable if and only if all the poles of H(z) lies
inside the unit circle
Example 5.3
With the aid of ROC plot, discuss the various cases for
stability and causality for the system below. For each case,
evaluate the impulse response, h[n]

1  2 z 1  3z 2
H ( z) 
(1  1.5 z 1 )(1  0.7 z 1  0.1z  2 )

Solution:
1  2 z 1  3z 2
H ( z) 
(1  1.5 z 1 )(1  0.5 z 1 )(1  0.2 z 1 )
 1  2 z 1  3z 2
H ( z) 
(1  1.5 z 1 )(1  0.5 z 1 )(1  0.2 z 1 )
A B C
 1
 1

1  1.5 z 1  0.5 z 1  0.2 z 1

A  1.73 B  7.5 C  6.77

1.73 7.5 6.77
H ( z)  1
 1

1  1.5 z 1  0.5 z 1  0.2 z 1

3 poles: z=1.5, z=0.5, z=0.2

ROC plot for Case 1: |z|>1.5
The system is causal but not stable
Unit circle |z|=1

0.2 0.5 1 1.5

Evaluate the impulse response, h[n]

1.73 7.5 6.77

H ( z)  1
 1

1  1.5 z 1  0.5 z 1  0.2 z 1

h[n]  [1.73(1.5) n  7.5(0.5) n  6.77(0.2) n ]u[n]

Causal
ROC plot for Case 2: 0.5<|z|<1.5
The system is non-causal and stable

0.2 0.5 1.5

• System is stable because ROC includes the unit circle |z|=1
• System is non-causal at pole 1.5
1.73 7.5 6.77
H ( z)  1
 1

1  1.5 z 1  0.5 z 1  0.2 z 1

• Evaluate h[n]

h[n]  1.73(1.5) n u[ n  1]  7.5(0.5) n u[n]  6.77(0.2) n u[n]

Anti-causal

Causal signal h[n]  a n u[n]

Anti-Causal signal h[n]   a nu[ n  1]

 ROC plot for Case 3: 0.2<|z|<0.5
The system is non-causal and not stable

0.2 0.5 1.5

A discrete time LTI system is causal if and only if The ROC

is the exterior of a circle outside the outermost pole
• System is not stable because ROC does not includes the unit circle |z|
=1
• System is non-causal at pole 0.5 and 1.5

1.73 7.5 6.77

H ( z)  1
 1

1  1.5 z 1  0.5 z 1  0.2 z 1

h[n]  1.73(1.5) n u[ n  1]  7.5(0.5) n u[n  1]  6.77(0.2) n u[n]

Anti-causal Anti-causal
ROC plot for Case 4: ROC z|<0.2
The system is non-causal and not stable

0.2 0.5 1.5

 • System is not stable because ROC does not includes the unit circle |z|
=1
• System is non-causal at pole 0.2, 0.5 and 1.5

1.73 7.5 6.77

H ( z)  1
 1

1  1.5 z 1  0.5 z 1  0.2 z 1

h[n]  1.73(1.5) n u[n  1]  7.5(0.5) n u[ n  1]  6.77(0.2) n u[ n  1]

Anti-causal Anti-causal Anti-causal
 Case 1: |z|>1.5 Case 2: 0.5<|z|<1.5
The system is causal but not stable The system is non-causal and stable
Unit circle |z|=1

0.20.5 1 1.5 0.20.5 1.5

Case 3: 0.2<|z|<0.5
The system is non-causal and not stable Case 4: ROC z|<0.2
The system is non-causal and not stable

0.20.5 1.5 0.20.5 1.5

 Impulse Response for Case 1: |z|>1.5 , The system is causal but not stable

h[n]  [1.73(1.5) n  7.5(0.5) n  6.77(0.2) n ]u[n]

Impulse Response for Case 2: 0.5<|z|<1.5 The system is non-causal at pole 1.5 and
stable
h[n]  1.73(1.5) n u[n  1]  7.5(0.5) n u[n]  6.77(0.2) n u[n]

Impulse Response for Case 3: 0.2<|z|<0.5 The system is non-causal at pole 0.5 and 1.5
and not stable
h[n]  1.73(1.5) n u[n  1]  7.5(0.5) n u[n  1]  6.77(0.2) n u[n]

Impulse Response for Case 4: ROC z|<0.2 The system is non-causal at pole 0.2, 0.5 and
1.5 and not stable

h[n]  1.73(1.5) n u[n  1]  7.5(0.5) n u[n  1]  6.77(0.2) n u[n  1]