Human Development

Human Development
•The pattern of movement or
change that begins at conception
and continues through the life
span.
Major Principles of Human Development

• 1. Development is relatively orderly and it

follows 2 patterns.
• Proximodistal Pattern – from center of the body
outward.
• Cephalocaudal Pattern- from head downward
Major Principles of Human Development

• 2. Development takes place

gradually.
• We will encounter different stages.
Major Principles of Human Development

• 3. Development as a process is complex

because it is composed of 3 domains.
 Domains of Human Development
• 1. Physical Domain – Development of the body
• 2. Cognitive Domain- Development of the brain
• 3. Psychodynamic Domain- Development of the
inner self
 Psychodynamic Theories
• The Psychodynamic Perspective: A Focus
on the Inner Person
• Personality, emotions, attitudes, social
skills
 Sigmund Freud

• Models of Mind
• Defense Mechanism
• Psychosexual Stages
 Sigmund Freud

• Models of Mind
• Superego
• Ego
• Id
 Sigmund Freud
• Psychosexual Stages
• Personality develops through series of psychosexual stages that
leads to development.
• If these psychosexual stages are completed successfully, a healthy
personality will be the result and if not, fixations will occur.
• Oral, anal, phallic, latent, genitals
 Sigmund Freud
• Defense Mechanism
• Repression
• Denial
• Projection
• Displacement
• Regression
• Sublimation
 Erik Erikson

• Psychosocial Theory
• Conflict battles in different stages.
• Overcoming conflict leads to development.
 Classical Conditioning
• A type of learning that happens unconsciously
• Associating neutral stimulus to unconditioned stimulus to create
conditioned response.
• Neutral Stimulus – a stimulus that don’t affect the target
• Unconditioned Stimulus – a stimulus that can create an automatic reaction from the
target.
• Unconditioned Response- the automatic response of the target
• Conditioned Response- the result of the conditioning
Neutral Stimulus Bell
Unconditioned Food
Stimulus
Unconditioned Salivating
Response
Conditioned Salivating
Response
Neutral Stimulus SNR Logo
Unconditioned Pizza
Stimulus
Unconditioned crave
Response
Conditioned crave
Response
Neutral Stimulus School
Unconditioned Friends
Stimulus
Unconditioned Happy
Response
Conditioned Happy
Response
Neutral Stimulus School
Unconditioned Bully
Stimulus
Unconditioned Scared
Response
Conditioned Scared
Response
Neutral Stimulus Math
Unconditioned games
Stimulus
Unconditioned excited
Response
Conditioned excited
Response
 Operant Conditioning

• Instrumental conditioning
• Reinforcements/ rewards and punishments.
• Rewarded behavior will likely to be repeated
• Punished behavior will occur less frequently
 Counseling

• It is the most intimate and vital part of

guidance program
• It focuses on discussing and understanding
problem at hand
 General Purpose of Counseling

•To assist an individual toward

self-knowledge, self-realization
and self-development.
 Purposes of Counseling
• 1. To give students information on what is essential to his
success.
• 2. To give possible solutions to student’s problems.
• 3. To establish a good relationship
• 4. To help them work out a plan in order to solve his difficulties
• 5. To help them know themselves better.
 Process of Counseling

• 1. Exploratory Stage- gathering and organizing facts

• 2. Interpretative Stage – analyzing the gathered
information
• 3. Adjustment Stage – Intervention stage or the
action phase.
 Essentials of Counseling Process
• 1. Relationship
• 2. Atmosphere
• 3. Facilitation of Counselee’s effort
• 4. Attention to life’s adjustments
• 5. Follow Up
 Types of Counseling

• 1. Directive or Clinical Counseling –

completely counselor-centered
• 2. Non-directive Counseling – completely
client-centered.