E FA CT I ON E A R T H Q U AK E

LIQU
INDUC E D G RO U N D
SU B S ID EN C E
D UCTION MAN AG EM E NT
ISA STE R READ INE SS RISK RE
D
 GROUND RUPTURE
-AN EARTHQUAKE CAN PUSH AND PULL THE GROUND, TEARING THE SURFACE AND PUSHING THE GROUND APART AND UPWARD.
THESE ARE KNOWN AS “SURFACE RUPTURES.”

-A SURFACE RUPTURE MAY OCCUR SUDDENLY DURING AN EARTHQUAKE, OR IT CAN HAPPEN MORE SLOWLY—IN EITHER CASE,
SURFACE RUPTURES OFTEN HAPPEN ALONG PREEXISTING FAULTS. 

-IF A SURFACE RUPTURE DEVELOPS CLOSE TO OR AT YOUR HOUSE LOCATION, IT CAN CAUSE CONSIDERABLE DAMAGE TO
STRUCTURES AS WELL AS TO LAND. 
 TWO KINDS OF SURFACE RUPTURE
-NORMAL- AND REVERSE- (COLLECTIVELY CALLED DIP-SLIP) FAULTING  SURFACE RUPTURES FEATURE VERTICAL OFFSETS WHILE
STRIKE-SLIP FAULTING PRODUCES LATERAL OFFSETS. MANY EARTHQUAKE SURFACE RUPTURES ARE COMBINATIONS OF BOTH.
STRUCTURES THAT SPAN A SURFACE FAULT ARE LIKELY TO SUFFER GREAT DAMAGE SURFACE RUPTURES. A WINNING STRATEGY
IS TO AVOID BUILDING ACROSS, OR EVEN NEAR, THESE HAZARDS. 
 TWO KINDS OF SURFACE RUPTURE
• -STRIKE-SLIP FAULTS ARE VERTICAL (OR NEARLY VERTICAL) FRACTURES WHERE THE BLOCKS HAVE MOSTLY MOVED
HORIZONTALLY. IF THE BLOCK OPPOSITE AN OBSERVER LOOKING ACROSS THE FAULT MOVES TO THE RIGHT, THE SLIP STYLE
IS TERMED RIGHT LATERAL; IF THE BLOCK MOVES TO THE LEFT, THE MOTION IS TERMED LEFT LATERAL. 
LIQUEFACTION
- SOIL LIQUEFACTION CAN OCCURS DUE TO SATURATED SOIL THAT SUBSTANTIALLY LOSES STRENGTH AND STIFFNESS IN
RESPONSE TO AN APPLIED STRESS SUCH AS SHAKING DURING AN EARTHQUAKE OR OTHER SUDDEN CHANGE IN
STRESS CONDITION, IN WHICH MATERIAL THAT IS ORDINARILY A SOLID BEHAVES LIKE A LIQUID.

- LIQUEFACTION TAKES PLACE WHEN LOOSELY PACKED, WATER-LOGGED SEDIMENTS AT OR NEAR THE GROUND
SURFACE LOSE THEIR STRENGTH IN RESPONSE TO STRONG GROUND SHAKING.
• AREA THAT STANDS OUT FOR LIQUEFACTION POTENTIAL IS THE NATIONAL CAPITAL REGION (NCR) OF THE PHILIPPINES. IT IS
THE MOST DENSELY POPULATED REGION OF THE COUNTRY AND CONSISTS OF MANILA AND THE MUNICIPALITY OF PATEROS,
AND THE CITIES OF QUEZON, CALOOCAN, LAS PIÑAS, MAKATI, MALABON, MANDALUYONG, MARIKINA, MUNTINLUPA, NAVOTAS,
PARAÑAQUE, PASAY, PASIG, SAN JUAN, TAGUIG, AND VALENZUELA. WITH A TOTAL POPULATION OF MORE THAN 12 MILLION, THE
NCR IS ONE OF THE BIGGEST POPULATION CENTERS IN ASIA.

• THE PHILIPPINES IS PARTICULARLY PRONE TO A VARIETY OF NATURAL HAZARDS, EARTHQUAKE BEING PROMINENT AMONG
THEM. SOUTHEAST ASIA IS ONE OF THE MOST COMPLEX AND FASTEST-DEFORMING SEISMIC ZONES IN THE WORLD, WITH THE
PHILIPPINES LOCATED BETWEEN THE PHILIPPINE SEA AND EURASIAN PLATES—A BOUNDARY THAT IS UNDERGOING BOTH
SUBDUCTION AND COLLISION.
EARTHQUAKE-INDUCED GROUND
SUBSIDENCE
• WHEN THERE IS SUBSIDENCE IN A PLACE, THE GROUND  THERE SINKS TO A LOWER LEVEL.

• THE GRADUAL SINKING OF LANDFORMS  TO A LOWER LEVEL AS A RESULT OF EARTH MOVEMENTS, MINING OPERATIONS, ETC.,

OR A BUILDING BEGINS TO SINK INTO THE GROUND.

- ITS PRIMARY CAUSES ARE THE REMOVAL OF UNDERGROUND WATER, COMPACTION, DRAINAGE OF ORGANIC SOILS,
UNDERGROUND MINING, AND THAWING PERMAFROST.
SINKING AREA OF MANKAYAN, BENGUET
IN BRGY. SAPID, COLALO AND POBLACION,

-WHERE WE STAYED, THE RESIDENTS LIVE IN FEAR OF ANOTHER

LANDSLIDES OR SINKING. IN THE PAST YEARS THERE HAVE BEEN
INCIDENTS OF LAND SUBSIDENCE, CAUSING BUILDING AND FARMLANDS
TO COLLAPSE. COMMUNITY LEADERS CLAIM THESE TRAGEDIES WERE
NOT CAUSED BY NATURE, AS DENR REPORTED, BUT BY ABANDONED
TUNNELS NOT PROPERLY BACKFILLED. AN LCMCO UNDER GROUND
WORKER ATTEST TO HAVING SEEN TUNNELS “AS BIG AS MUNICIPAL
BUILDING” UNDERNEATH AN AREA WHERE A SCHOOL BUILDING
COLLAPSED YEARS AGO.
LIQUEFACTION-INDUCED GROUND SUBSIDENCE

• MAJOR PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH LIQUEFACTION-INDUCED GROUND SUBSIDENCE ARE TILTING OF HOUSES,
BUCKLING OF ROADS, LIFELINES CUT OFF, ETC. FOR THE MITIGATION AND PREPAREDNESS OVER THE LIQUEFACTION-INDUCED
DAMAGE, A DETAILED STUDY ON PREDICTION OF GROUND SUBSIDENCE FOR FUTURE EARTHQUAKE IS IMPORTANT