Derivation of Kinematic

Equations
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Motion on an Incline Lab
 Constant velocity
Average velocity equals the slope of a position vs time
graph when an object travels at constant velocity.

x
v
t


 Displacement when object moves
with constant velocity
The displacement is the area under a velocity vs time
graph
v

x  v t
x

t

 Uniform acceleration
This is the equation of the line of the velocity vs time graph
when an object is undergoing uniform acceleration.

v f  at  v 0 v

The slope is the v

acceleration t
v0
The intercept is the
initial velocity
t
 Displacement when object
accelerates from rest
Displacement is still the area under the velocity vs time
graph. However, velocity is constantly changing.
v

t
 Displacement when object
accelerates from rest
Displacement is still the area under the velocity vs time
graph. Use the formula for the area of a triangle.

x  1
2
vt
v


 Displacement when object
accelerates from rest
From slope of v-t graph v
a
Rearrange to get t
v  a t v

Now, substitute for ∆v

1
v
x  a t  t
2
 t
 Displacement when object
accelerates from rest
Simplify

x  a (t)
1
2
2

v
Assuming uniform
acceleration and a
starting time = 0, the v
equation can be written:
 t
x  1
2
at 2
 Displacement when object
accelerates with initial velocity
Break the area up into two parts:

v
the rectangle representing
displacement due to initial velocity

x  v 0 t v0


 Displacement when object
accelerates with initial velocity
Break the area up into two parts:

v
and the triangle representing
displacement due to acceleration v

x  a(t)
1
2
2 v0


 Displacement when object
accelerates with initial velocity
Sum the two areas:

x  v 0 t  a(t ) 1
2
2
v

v
Or, if starting time = 0, the
equation can be written: v0

x  v0t  at 1
2
2 t
Time-independent relationship
between ∆x, v and a
Sometimes you are asked to find the final velocity or
displacement when the length of time is not given.
To derive this equation, we must start with the definition of
average velocity:
x
v
t


Time-independent relationship
between ∆x, v and a
x
v
t
Another way to express average velocity is:

vf v0
v
 2
Time-independent relationship
between ∆x, v and a
We have defined acceleration as:
v
a
t
This can be rearranged to:
v
t 
a
and
then expanded to yield : vf  v0
t 
a
Time-independent relationship
between ∆x, v and a
Now, take the equation for displacement

x  v t
and make substitutions for average velocity and ∆t


 Time-independent relationship
between ∆x, v and a
x  v t

vf v0 vf  v0
 v  t 
2 a

 
 Time-independent relationship
between ∆x, v and a
x  v t

vf  v0 vf  v0
x  
 2 a


 Time-independent relationship
between ∆x, v and a
vf  v0 vf  v0
x  
2 a
Simplify

v v
2 2

 x  f 0
2a
Time-independent relationship
between ∆x, v and a
v v
2 2
x  f 0
2a
Rearrange

2a x  v  v2
f
2
0

 Time-independent relationship
between ∆x, v and a
2a x  v  v 2
f
2
0

Rearrange again to obtain the more common form:

v  v  2a x
2
f
2
0



 Which equation do I use?
• First, decide what model is appropriate
– Is the object moving at constant velocity?
– Or, is it accelerating uniformly?
• Next, decide whether it’s easier to use an algebraic or a
graphical representation.
 Constant velocity
If you are looking for the velocity,
– use the algebraic form
x
v
t
– or find the slope of the graph (actually the same thing)


 Constant velocity
• If you are looking for the displacement,
– use the algebraic form
x  v t
– or find the area under the curve
v


x

t
 Uniform acceleration
• If you want to find the final velocity,
– use the algebraic form
vf  at  v0
• If you are looking for the acceleration
– rearrange the equation above v
a
t

– which is the same as finding the slope of a velocity-time graph
 Uniform acceleration
If you want to find the displacement,
– use the algebraic form
– eliminate initial velocity if the object
starts from rest
x  v0t  at
1
2
2

– Or, find the area under the curve v

v

 v0

t
 If you don’t know the time…
You can solve for ∆t using one of the earlier equations,
and then solve for the desired quantity, or
You can use the equation

v  v  2a x
2
f
2
0
– rearranging it to suit your needs


 All the equations in one place
constant velocity uniform acceleration
x v
v a
t t
x  v t v f  at  v 0
x  v0t  at 1
2
2


v  v  2ax
2
f
2
0
