SIGNALS & SYSTEMS

DR. RANJEET KUMAR

ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, SENSE, VIT UNIVERSITY, CHENNAI

ECE1004-SIGNALS & SYSTEM/G2-FS-2020-21 DR. RANJEET KUMAR

 MODULE-1 : INTRODUCTION TO
SIGNALS
CLASSIFICATION OF SIGNALS

ECE1004-SIGNALS & SYSTEM/G2-FS-2020-21 DR. RANJEET KUMAR

SIGNAL: REPRESENTATION

 Signal
 In mathematics: a function of independent variables
 In physics: anything that carries information
 Examples: speech, music, picture, and video signals

 Signal processing:
 To extract useful information carried by the signal
 In given domain or in the transformed domain

ECE1004-SIGNALS & SYSTEM/G2-FS-2020-21 DR. RANJEET KUMAR

TYPES OF SIGNALS

 Natural & Artificial Signal (Based on the Source)

 One-dimensional , two-dimensional or multi-dimensional (Based on independent
variables)
 Based on the Characteristics

ECE1004-SIGNALS & SYSTEM/G2-FS-2020-21 DR. RANJEET KUMAR

CLASSIFICATION OF SIGNALS

 Continuous time & Discrete time

 Deterministic & Random
 Periodic & Non periodic
 Causal & Non causal
 Even & Odd
 Energy & Power
ECE1004-SIGNALS & SYSTEM/G2-FS-2020-21 DR. RANJEET KUMAR
CONTINUOUS TIME SIGNALS (CTS)

 Defined for every instant time

 Denoted by x(t)
 Continuous in amplitude and time
 Example: speech signal…

ECE1004-SIGNALS & SYSTEM/G2-FS-2020-21 DR. RANJEET KUMAR

DISCRETE TIME SIGNALS (DTS)

 Only at discrete instance of time

 Continuous in amplitude but discrete in time
 Derived from continuous time signal by sampling it at uniform rate,
x(t) at t = nT
 Denoted by x(nT) or simply x[n]
 Examples: stock market index,
e.g. rainfall in a year etc.,
ECE1004-SIGNALS & SYSTEM/G2-FS-2020-21 DR. RANJEET KUMAR
SIGNALS REPRESENTATION

 Continuous Time Signal

 Mathematical/Functional & Graphical
 Discrete Time Signal
 Mathematical/Functional, Sequence, Tabular, Graphical

ECE1004-SIGNALS & SYSTEM/G2-FS-2020-21 DR. RANJEET KUMAR

SIGNALS REPRESENTATION : DTS

 Mathematical/Functional
 3 n  2
2 n  1  2 n n  0 
  x[n]   
x[n]    or
0 otherwise 
0 n  0 
3 n  1 
 Sequence

 3  2 5 0  6  2 3  1 2 
x[n]    or x[n]   
     

ECE1004-SIGNALS & SYSTEM/G2-FS-2020-21 DR. RANJEET KUMAR

SIGNALS REPRESENTATION : DTS

 Tabular
n -3 -2 -1 0 1
X[n] -5 0 2 -2 9

 Graphical

ECE1004-SIGNALS & SYSTEM/G2-FS-2020-21 DR. RANJEET KUMAR

ELEMENTARY SIGNALS

 Unit impulse or impulse signal

 Unit step or step signal
 Ramp
 Sinusoidal
 Exponential

ECE1004-SIGNALS & SYSTEM/G2-FS-2020-21 DR. RANJEET KUMAR

ELEMENTARY SIGNALS : IMPULSE SIGNAL
 Denoted as  (t ) or  [n]
 Also called as Dirac delta function

 defined as
  (t )dt  1

1 t  0
 (t )  
0 t  0

1 n  0 
 [ n]   
0 n  0 
ECE1004-SIGNALS & SYSTEM/G2-FS-2020-21 DR. RANJEET KUMAR
ELEMENTARY SIGNALS : STEP SIGNAL
 Denoted as u(t) or u[n]

ECE1004-SIGNALS & SYSTEM/G2-FS-2020-21 DR. RANJEET KUMAR

ELEMENTARY SIGNALS : RAMP SIGNAL
 Denoted as r(t) or r[n]

ECE1004-SIGNALS & SYSTEM/G2-FS-2020-21 DR. RANJEET KUMAR

ELEMENTARY SIGNALS : SINUSOIDAL SIGNAL

ECE1004-SIGNALS & SYSTEM/G2-FS-2020-21 DR. RANJEET KUMAR

ELEMENTARY SIGNALS : EXPONENTIAL SIGNAL

ECE1004-SIGNALS & SYSTEM/G2-FS-2020-21 DR. RANJEET KUMAR

ELEMENTARY SIGNALS : EXPONENTIAL SIGNAL
x[n]  C * n where 0    1 x[n]  2 * 0.9 n

ECE1004-SIGNALS & SYSTEM/G2-FS-2020-21 DR. RANJEET KUMAR

ELEMENTARY SIGNALS : EXPONENTIAL SIGNAL
x[n]  C * n where - 1    0 x[n]  2 * (0.9) n

ECE1004-SIGNALS & SYSTEM/G2-FS-2020-21 DR. RANJEET KUMAR

ELEMENTARY SIGNALS : EXPONENTIAL SIGNAL
x[n]  C * where   1
n
x[n]  2 * (1.1) n

ECE1004-SIGNALS & SYSTEM/G2-FS-2020-21 DR. RANJEET KUMAR

DETERMINISTIC & RANDOM SIGNAL
Deterministic Signal
• A deterministic signal is a signal in which each value of the signal is fixed and can be determined by a
mathematical expression
• Because of this the future values of the signal can be calculated from past values with complete
confidence

ECE1004-SIGNALS & SYSTEM/G2-FS-2020-21 DR. RANJEET KUMAR

DETERMINISTIC & RANDOM SIGNAL
Random Signal
• A random signal has a lot of randomness about its behavior
• The future values of a random signal cannot be accurately predicted and can usually
only be guessed based on the averages of sets of signals

ECE1004-SIGNALS & SYSTEM/G2-FS-2020-21 DR. RANJEET KUMAR

PERIODIC AND APERIODIC SIGNAL

 A periodic signal x(t) is a function that satisfies the

condition,
x(t) = x(t+T) for all t
T that satisfied the above equation is called
fundamental period of x(t)
 The reciprocal of fundamental period is called
fundamental frequency
f  1
T
ECE1004-SIGNALS & SYSTEM/G2-FS-2020-21 DR. RANJEET KUMAR
PERIODIC AND APERIODIC SIGNAL

Periodic Signal with period T0 Non periodic signal

ECE1004-SIGNALS & SYSTEM/G2-FS-2020-21 DR. RANJEET KUMAR

CAUSAL, ANTI-CAUSAL, NON-CAUSAL SIGNAL
 A signal is causal if, f (t )  0 t0

 Anti-causal if f (t )  0 t 0

 Non Causal if f (t )  0

A causal signal An anti-causal signal A Non-causal signal

ECE1004-SIGNALS & SYSTEM/G2-FS-2020-21 DR. RANJEET KUMAR

EVEN & ODD SIGNAL

ECE1004-SIGNALS & SYSTEM/G2-FS-2020-21 DR. RANJEET KUMAR

ENERGY & POWER SIGNAL

ECE1004-SIGNALS & SYSTEM/G2-FS-2020-21 DR. RANJEET KUMAR

ENERGY & POWER SIGNAL

ECE1004-SIGNALS & SYSTEM/G2-FS-2020-21 DR. RANJEET KUMAR

 THANK YOU

ECE1004-SIGNALS & SYSTEM/G2-FS-2020-21 DR. RANJEET KUMAR