TMT10104

CHAPTER 1&2
REAL AND COMPLEX NUMBERS
INDICES, SURD & LOGARITHM
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prepared by NASS
At the end of this chapter, students should be able
to:
 Define real numbers, all the subsets of real numbers, complex
numbers, indices, surds & logarithm.
 Represent the relationship of number sets in a real number system
diagrammatically.
 Understand open, closed and half-open intervals and their
representations on the number line.
 Simplify union, and intersection of two or more intervals with the
aid of the number line.
 Perform operations on complex number.
 Simplify indices, surds & logarithm.

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 REAL LINE

To the left, getting smaller

-9 -1 0 2.5 10
To the right, getting bigger

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REAL NUMBER
Defination:
RATIONAL
Naturalare
Prime
Rational
Integers
Whole
Irrational
INTEGER
Numbers
Numbers
the are
positiveare
WHOLE numbers
any
numbers
and natural
consists
negative
of
NATURAL
which cn
number
which
whole
natural
whose people
be
used inthan
(other
express
numbers,
number
decimals order
as 1)
PRIME to count.
that
a/b,
together
together
neither has
where
with
with
exactly
b≠0
zero.
number and two
terminate a,b
zero.
nor
N = integers.
are
repeat.{1,2,3,4,
factors, 1 and
ZW…}
itself.
= ={..,-3,-2,-
{0,1,2,3,
1,0,
…} 1,2,3,..}
IRRATIONAL P = {2,3,5,…}
Example:
classify the following set of numbers as N,W,Z,Q and R
1.  1 
-3, - , log1, 0.3, sin 30°, 4 - 2, π, 5 
 5 
2.  1 
 2 , , 0.23, e, 5, 2.31515151...
 3 

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 Intervals of Real Numbers
Can be illustrated using:

Set Notation
S

Interval/Bracket Notation
I

Real number line

R
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 Summary of Real Numbers Interval
Set Notation Interval Notation Real Number Line Notation

 x : x  a  a,   a
 x : x  a  a,   a

 x : x  a   , a  a

 x : x  a   , a 
a

 x : a  x  b  a, b a b

 x : a  x  b  a, b a b
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Example:

Write the following set of real numbers using a real number line and interval notation.

1. The set of real numbers less than 10. ;

2. The set of real numbers greater than or equal to 5. ;

  ,10
10

3. The set of real numbers greater than -5 but less than or equal to 9.
5
 5,  
;

5 9
5,9 
4. The set of real numbers between 7 and 20. ;

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(7,20)
 Combining Intervals

Union : the set of real numbers that belong to either one or both of
the intervals.

A  B={x|x A or x B }
Intersection : the set of real numbers that belong to both of the
intervals.

A  B = { x | x A and x  B }
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 Example: Write each union/intersection as a single interval.

1,5   3,9 1,9

1 3 5 9

1,5   3,9  3,5

1 3 5 9

  4,3   0,     4,  
-4 0 3

  4,3   0,    0,3
-4 0 3
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Is any number of the form b ,which cannot be written as a fraction of two
integers is called surd.

Properties of Surds: 1) a  b  ab
a a
2) 
b b
3) a b  c b   a  c b
4) a a a
Example: Simplify the following.

a)
48
 16  3  16  3  4 3
b)
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 Conjugate Surds
a  b  a  b
RATIONALIZING DENOMINATORS
Problem arise when algebraic fraction involving surds in the denominator.
Solution:
1) Eliminate the surd from denominator by multiplying the numerator and
denominator by the conjugate of the denominator.

chapter 1 15
 Example: Simplify.

a) b) =

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Is a set of number in form,

Where anda b
are real numbers and a  bi . A complex number is i  1
generally denoted by,

z  a  bi
Real part, Re(z) Imaginary part, Im(z)

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 Express the following in terms of .
i

a)  36 .

b) .
 16   25

c) .

 18   2

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 Equality of complex numbers .

Conjugate of complex numbers .

z  a  bi z  a  bi
is the complex number obtained by changing the sign of the
z part of .
imaginary
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 Algebraic Operations of Complex
Numbers
Addition/Subtraction  a bi  c di   a c  b d i
Multiplication
 a bi c di   acbd  adbc i


 Division

a bi acbd  bcad i

 
c di c d
2 2 2
c d 2

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If a is a real number and n is a positive integers, then
n
a  a  a  a  ...  a
n times

Where, a = base
n = index

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 Rules/Law of Indices
1 n
m n m n 6) a  n ; a 0
1) a a  a a
m
2) a mn 0
n
 a 7) a 1 ; a0
a
a 
m
m n mn
3)
a 8) a n  a n m
; a 0
4)
 ab  m
a b
m m
, b0
m m
5)  a  a
   m
, b  0
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 b  b
 1.5 LOGARITHMS

Definition: The logarithm of any number of a given base is equal to

the power to which the base should be raised to get the given number.

From indices, a, x and n are related such that

x
a  n
Then, x is said to be the logarithm of n wrt the base a.

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log a n  x
Rules/Law of Logarithm
1) loga (mn)  log6)
a m  loga n loga a  1
m aloga n
n
2) loga    log7)a m  loga n
n
n
3) loga m  n loga m
log b m
4) log a m 
log b a
5) loga 1  0
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