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Water Flow in Pipes: The Islamic University of Gaza Faculty of Engineering Civil Engineering Department
Water Flow in Pipes: The Islamic University of Gaza Faculty of Engineering Civil Engineering Department
Faculty of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Chapter 3
Water Flow in Pipes
3.1 Description of A Pipe Flow
2
• Pipe Flow: refers to a full water flow in a closed
conduits or circular cross section under a certain
pressure gradient.
3
Difference between open-channel flow and the pipe flow
6
Examples:
The flow through a long uniform pipe diameter at a constant rate is
steady uniform flow.
7
Laminar and turbulent flow
Laminar flow:
The fluid particles move along smooth well defined path or streamlines
that are parallel, thus particles move in laminas or layers, smoothly
gliding over each other.
Turbulent flow:
The fluid particles do not move in orderly manner and they occupy different
relative positions in successive cross-sections.
There is a small fluctuation in magnitude and direction of the velocity of the
fluid particles
transitional flow
The flow occurs between laminar and turbulent flow
8
3.2 Reynolds Experiment
Reynolds performed a very carefully prepared pipe flow
experiment.
9
Increasing
flow
velocity
10
Reynolds Experiment
• Reynold found that transition from laminar to turbulent
flow in a pipe depends not only on the velocity, but only
on the pipe diameter and the viscosity of the fluid.
VD VD
NR
where V: mean velocity in the pipe [L/T]
D: pipe diameter [L]
: density of flowing fluid [M/L3]
: dynamic viscosity [M/LT]
: kinematic viscosity [L2/T]
12
13
It has been found by many experiments that for flows in
circular pipes, the critical Reynolds number is about 2000
14
Laminar Vs. Turbulent flows
15
Example 3.1
40 mm diameter circular pipe carries water at 20oC.
Calculate the largest flow rate (Q) which laminar flow can
be expected.
D 0.04m
110 6 at T 20 o C
VD V (0.04)
NR 2000 2000 V 0.05m / sec
1 10 6
Q V . A 0.05 (0.04) 2 6.28 10 5 m3 / sec
4
16
3.3 Forces in Pipe Flow
• Cross section and elevation of the pipe are varied along
the axial direction of the flow.
17
For Incompressible and Steady flows:
F x P1 A1 P2 A2 Fx Wx
20
3.4 Energy Head in Pipe Flow
21
Consider the control volume:
• In time interval dt:
- Water particles at sec.1-1 move to sec. 1`-1` with velocity V 1.
- Water particles at sec.2-2 move to sec. 2`-2` with velocity V 2.
g . A1.V1dt.(h1 h2 )
• The kinetic energy:
1 1 2 1 2
M .V2 M .V1 . A1.V1.dt (V22 V1 )
2
2 2 2
The total work done by all forces is equal to the change in
kinetic energy:
1 2
P1.Q.dt P2 .Q.dt g .Q.dt.(h1 h2 ) .Q.dt (V22 V1 )
2
Dividing both sides by gQdt
2 2 Bernoulli Equation
V1 P V P
1 h1 2 2 h2 Energy per unit weight of water
2g 2g 23
OR: Energy Head
Energy head and Head loss in pipe flow
24
2
V2 P2
H2 h2
2g
26
Example
In the figure shown:
Where the discharge through the system is 0.05 m3/s, the total losses through
the pipe is 10 v2/2g where v is the velocity of water in 0.15 m diameter pipe,
the water in the final outlet exposed to atmosphere.
Calculate the required
height (h =?)
below the tank
0.05
V Q
2.83m / s
4 0.15
A 2
0.05
V Q
6.366m / s
4 0.10
A 2
p1 V12 p2 V22
z1 z 2 hL
g 2 g g 2 g
0 0 (h 5) 0
6.366
2
20
10 2.83
2
2 * 9.81 2 * 9.81
h 21.147m
Without calculation sketch the (E.G.L) and (H.G.L)
Basic components of a typical pipe
system
30
Calculation of Head (Energy) Losses:
In General:
When a fluid is flowing through a pipe, the fluid experiences some
resistance due to which some of energy (head) of fluid is lost.
Energy Losses
(Head losses)
1. Darcy-Weisbach formula
2. The Hazen -Williams Formula
3. The Manning Formula
4. The Chezy Formula
5. The Strickler Formula
33
The resistance to flow in a pipe is a function of:
34
Darcy-Weisbach Equation
2 2 Where:
L V 8f LQ
hL f f is the friction factor
D 2g g D5 2 L is pipe length
D is pipe diameter
Q is the flow rate
hL is the loss due to friction
It is conveniently expressed in terms of velocity (kinetic) head in the pipe
e VD e VD e
f F N R , F , F ,
D D D
36
For turbulent flow ( NR > 4000 ) with e/D > 0.0, the friction factor
can be founded from:
• Th.von Karman formulas:
1 NR f
2 log
f 2.51
1 D
2 log 3.7 for N R 105
f e
• Colebrook-White Equation for f
1 e 2 .51
0.86 ln
f 3.7 D N f
R
There is some difficulty in solving this equation
So, Miller improve an initial value for f , (fo)
2
e 5.74
f o 0.25log 0.9
3.7 D N R
4 103 N R 1108
e value of fo can be use directly as f if: 6
37
110 e D 110 -2
Friction Factor f
The thickness of the laminar sublayer decrease with an increase in NR
e
transitionally
1 2.51
2 log10
rough D
e 3.7 N R f
f
pipe wall 0.08e ' 1.7e
Colebrook formula
turbulent flow
f independent of NR
NR > 4000 rough
e 1 D
0.08e
' 2 log10 3.7
f e
pipe wall
Moody diagram
• A convenient chart was prepared by Lewis F. Moody and commonly
called the Moody diagram of friction factors for pipe flow,
There are 4 zones of pipe flow in the chart:
42
Notes:
• Colebrook formula
is valid for the entire nonlaminar range (4000 <
Re < 108) of the Moody chart
1 e/ D 2.51
2 log
f 3.7 Re f
43
Problems (head loss)
Three types of problems for uniform flow in a single pipe:
Type 1:
Given the kind and size of pipe and the flow rate head loss ?
Type 2:
Given the kind and size of pipe and the head loss flow rate ?
Type 3:
Given the kind of pipe, the head loss and flow rate size of pipe ?
Example 1
The water flow in Asphalted cast Iron pipe (e = 0.12mm) has a diameter 20cm
at 20oC. Is 0.05 m3/s. determine the losses due to friction per 1 km
Type 1:
Given the kind and size of pipe and the flow rate head loss ?
0.05m 3 /s
V 1.59m/s
π/4 0.2 m
2 2
T 20o C υ 1.0110 6 m 2 /s
e 0.12mm
e 0.12mm
0.0006 Moody
D 200mm f = 0.018
VD 1.59 0.2
NR 314852 3 .15 10 5
1.01106
L V2 1,000 m 1.59
2
hf f 0.018
D 2g
0.20 m 2 9.81 m/s
2
45
11 .55 m
Example 2
The water flow in commercial steel pipe (e = 0.045mm) has a diameter 0.5m
at 20oC. Q=0.4 m3/s. determine the losses due to friction per 1 km
Type 1:
Given the kind and size of pipe and the flow rate head loss ?
Q 0.4
V 2.037 m / s
A 0.5 2
4
497 10 6 497 10 6
1 . 006 10 6
T 42.51.5 20 42.51.5
0.5 2.037
NR 1 . 012 10 6
1.006 10 6
e 0.045 5
9 10
D 0.5 103
Moody
f 0.013
2
1000 2.037
h f 0.013 5.5 m / km
0.5 2 9.81
Use other methods to solve f
1 ks 2.51
1- Cole brook 0.86 ln
f 3.7 D R f
e
2 2
k s D 5.74 9 10 5 5.74
f o 0.25log 0.9 0.25log 0.01334
3.7 Re 3.7
1.012 10 6 0.9
1 9 105 2.51
0.86 ln
0.01334 3.7 Re 0.01334
8.66 8.678
2
1000 2.037
h f 0.01334 5.5 m / km
0.5 2 9.81
Example 3
Cast iron pipe (e = 0.26), length = 2 km, diameter = 0.3m. Determine the
max. flow rate Q , If the allowable maximum head loss = 4.6m. T=10oC
Type 2:
Given the kind and size of pipe and the head loss flow rate ?
2
LV
hF f
D 2g
2000 V2
4.6 f
0.3 2 9.81
0.0135
V
2
1
f 497 10 6 497 10 6
1 .31 10 6
f 0.01
eq1
V 1.16 m/s
eq
2
N R 2.668 105 0.0135
V2 1
f
e
8.67 10 4
D 2
N R 2.296 106 V
Moody
f 0.02
Trial 2
f 0.02
eq1
V 0.82 m/s
eq
2
N R 1.886 105
e
8.67 10 4
D
Moody
f 0.021
Solution 1:
LV2 2ghf 1/ 2 D 1/ 2
hf f V
D 2g L f
1000 V
2
0.12
2 f V
2
3 2(9.81) f
Table 3.1 : wood stave pipe: e = 0.18 – 0.9 mm, take e = 0.3 mm
e 0.3
0.0001
D 3
VD 3V
At T= 10oC, = 1.31x10-6 m2/sec N R 2.29 10 6
.V
1.31 10 6
• Solve by trial and error:
• Iteration 1:
• Assume f = 0.02 V 2
0.12
V 2.45m / sec
0.02
N R 2.29 106.2.45 5.6 106
From moody Diagram: f 0.0122
Iteration 2:
0.12
update f = 0.0122 V2 V 3.14m / sec
0.0122
N R 2.29 106.3.14 7.2 106
From moody Diagram: f 0.0121 0.0122
Iteration f V NR
V2 3.15 m/s
0 0.02 2.45 5.6106 32
1 0.0122 3.14 7.2106 Solution: Q VA 3.15.
4
2 0.0121 Convergence
22.27 m 3 /s
Alternative Method for solution of Type 2 problems
1/ 2
D 3 / 2 2 gh f
NR f
L
Type 2. Given the kind and size of pipe and the head loss flow rate ?
Re
VD 1 D 3 / 2 2ghf 1/ 2
We also know that: Re 1/ 2
f L
1/ 2
D 2 gh f
3/ 2
N R f 1/ 2 unknowns
L
Can be calculated based on Quantity plotted along the top of the Moody diagram
available data
Moody Diagram D 3 / 2 2 gh f
1/ 2
N R f 1/ 2
L
Lam
inar
Smooth pipes
Reynolds number
Example 3.5
Compute the discharge capacity of a 3-m diameter, wood stave pipe in its best
condition carrying water at 10oC. It is allowed to have a head loss of 2m/km of
pipe length.
Type 2: Given the kind and size of pipe and the head loss flow rate ?
Solution 2:
At T= 10oC, = 1.31x10-6 m2/sec
1/ 2
D 2 gh f
3/ 2
(3)3 2 2(9.81)(3)
NR f 9.62 105
L 1.31 106 1000
Table 3.1 : wood pipe: e = 0.18 – 0.9 mm, take e = 0.3 e 0.3
0.0001
mm D 3
From moody Diagram: f 0.0121
LV 2
2 gh f
1/ 2
D
1/ 2
32
hf f V 3.15m / sec , Q VA 3.15.
D 2g L f 4
22.27 m3 /s
f = 0.0121
Example (type 2)
1
78.5
Initial estimate for V: V 0.865 m/sec
1 4000 0.026
DV
Calculate the Reynolds number N R 5 104 V 4.3 104
Updated the value of f from the Moody diagram f1 = 0.029
78.5
V 0.819 m/sec
1 4000 0.029
DV2
NR 5 104 V 4.1 104
Iteration f V NR
0 0.026 0.865 4.3104 V 2 0.814 m/s
1 0.029 0.819 4.1104 Solution: 0.05 2
Q VA 0.814
2 0.0294 0.814 4.07104 4
3 0.0294 Convergence 1.60 103 m3 /s
Initial estimate for f
A good initial estimate is to pick the f value that is valid for a fully rough pipe with
the specified relative roughness
Given the kind of pipe, the head loss and flow rate size of pipe ?
Determines
equivalent roughness e
1. Use the Darcy Weisbach equation and guess an initial value for f
2. Solve for D
3. Calculate e/D
4. Calculate NR
5. Update f
6. Solve for D
7. If new D different from old D go to step 3, otherwise done
Example (Type 3)
A pipeline is designed to carry crude oil (S = 0.93, = 10-5 m2/s) with a discharge of 0.10
m3/s and a head loss per kilometer of 50 m. What diameter of steel pipe is needed?
Available pipe diameters are 20, 22, and 24 cm.
From Table 3.1 : Steel pipe: e = 0.045 mm
Darcy-Weisbach:
2
Q
L V
2
L A L Q 4 1 16 fLQ 2
2 2
hf f hf f f 5
D 2g D 2g D 2g D D 2 g 2
2 4
1/ 5 1/ 5
16 fLQ 2
16 1000 0.102
D D f 1/ 5 0.440 f 1/ 5
2 g 2
h
2 9 .81 2
50
f
A D 2 D D
Updated estimate for f
f1 = 0.021
e/D = 0.00024
Example Cont’d
D 0.440 f 1/ 5
1 Solution:
N R 12.7 103
D
D = 0.203
From moody diagram, updated estimated for f :
Use next larger commercial
f1 = 0.021 D = 0.203 m size:
N R 62.5 103 update f
e D = 22 cm
0.00023
D
Iteration f D NR e/D
0 0.015 0.190 66.8103 0.00024
1 0.021 0.203 62.5103 0.00023
2 0.021 Convergence
Example 3.6
Estimate the size of a uniform, horizontal welded-steel pipe installed to carry 14
ft3/sec of water of 70oF (20oC). The allowable pressure loss is 17 ft/mi of pipe
length.
Solution 2:
From Table : Steel pipe: ks = 0.046 mm
LV2 Q 2
Darcy-Weisbach: hL f
D 2g L A L Q 2 42 1 16fLQ 2
hL f f
Q VA D 2g D 2g 2D 4 D 5 2g 2
1/ 5
8 fLQ 2
D 2
1
/5 g hL
8 f 5280 14 2
D f 1/ 5 4.33 f 1/ 5 a
9 .81 2
17
Let D = 2.5 ft, then V = Q/A = 2.85 ft/sec
Now by knowing the relative roughness and the Reynolds number:
e 0.003
0.0012
D 2.5
We get f =0.021
VD 2.85 * 2.5
NR 6.6 *105
1.08 *10 5
A better estimate of D can be obtained by substituting the latter
values into equation a, which gives
0.63
V 0.85C HW Rh S 0.54
SI Units
D 2
wetted A D
4
Simplified
Rh hydraulic Radius
wetted P D 4
hf
S
L
C HW Hazen Williams Coefficient
10.7 L
hf 1.852
Q1.852
SI Units
C HW D 4.87
C HW Hazen Williams Coefficient
C HW Hazen Williams Coefficient
68
When V 3.0m / sec
0.081
Vo
CH C Ho
V
Where:
CH = corrected value
CHo = value from table
Vo = velocity at CHo
V = actual velocity
69
Empirical Formulas 2
Manning Formula
70
• Manning
1 2 / 3 1/ 2
V Rh S
n Rh hydraulic Radius
wetted A D
wetted P 4
hf
S
Simplified
L
n Manning Coefficient
10.3 L nQ
2
hf SI Units
D 5.33
71
1 2 / 3 1/ 2
V Rh S
n
2
Q
h f 10.3n 2 L 16 / 3
D
L 2 2
h f 6.35 1.33 n V
D
72
73
The Chezy Formula
1/ 2 1/ 2
V C Rh S
2
L V
hf 4
DC
74
• It can be shown that this formula, for circular pipes, is
equivalent to Darcy’s formula with the value for
8g
C
f
[f is Darcy Weisbeich coefficient]
75
The Strickler Formula:
2/3 1/ 2
V k str Rh S
2
L V
h f 6.35 1.33
D k str
1
k str
n
76
Relations between the coefficients in Chezy,
Manning , Darcy , and Strickler formulas.
1
k str
n
1/ 6
C k str Rh
1/ 3
f Rh
n
8g
77
Example
New Cast Iron (CHW = 130, n = 0.011) has length = 6 km and diameter = 30cm.
Q= 0.32 m3/s, T=30o. Calculate the head loss due to friction using:
a) Hazen-William Method
10.7 L
hf 1.852
Q1.852
C HW D 4 .87
10.7 6000
hf 1.852 4 .87
0 .321.852
333m
130 0.3
b) Manning Method
10.3 L nQ
2
hf
D 5.33
10.3 6000 0.011 0.32
2
hf 5 .33
470 m
0.3
Minor losses
79
• The minor losses occurs du to :
• Valves
• Tees
• Bends
• Reducers
• Valves
• And other appurtenances
V2 Q2
hm k L kL
2g 2 gA2
“minor” compared to friction losses in long pipelines but,
2
V2
Along centerline hc kc
2g
Value of the coefficient Kc for sudden contraction
V2
Head Loss Due to a Sudden Contraction
V 22
hL K L
2g
2
V2
hL 0.5
2g
83
Head losses due to pipe contraction may be greatly reduced by
introducing a gradual pipe transition known as a confusor
kc'
2
V2
hc' kc'
2g
Head Loss Due to Gradual Contraction
(reducer or nozzle)
hL K L
V 2
2 V1
2
2g
85
Losses due to Enlargement
A sudden Enlargement in a pipe
(V1 V2 ) 2
hE
2g
Note that the drop in the energy line is much
larger than in the case of a contraction
abrupt expansion
gradual expansion
V 12
hL K L
2g
2
A1
K L 1
A2
or :
hL
V1 V2 2
2g
88
Head losses due to pipe enlargement may be greatly reduced by
introducing a gradual pipe transition known as a diffusor
2
V V2
2
hE' k E' 1
2g
Head Loss Due to Gradual Enlargement
(conical diffuser)
hL K L
V
1
2
V2
2
2g
90
Gibson tests
91
Loss due to pipe entrance
General formula for head loss at the entrance of a pipe is
also expressed in term of velocity head of the pipe
2
V
hent K ent
2g
92
Different pipe inlets
Reentrant Sharp
(embeded) edge
KL = 0.8 KL = 0.5
Slightly
rounded
Well
KL = 0.2
rounded
KL = 0.04
V2
hL K L 94
2g
Another Typical values for various amount of rounding of
the lip
95
Head Loss at the Exit of a Pipe
(flow entering a tank)
KL = 1.0 KL = 1.0
V2
hL
2g KL = 1.0
KL = 1.0
V2
hb kb
2g
R/D 1 2 4 6 10 16 20
Kb 0.35 0.19 0.17 0.22 0.32 0.38 0.42
97
Miter bends
For situations in which space is limited,
98
Head Loss Due to Pipe Fittings
(valves, elbows, bends, and tees)
2
V
hv K v
2g
99
100
The loss coefficient for elbows, bends, and tees
101
Loss coefficients for pipe components (Table)
Minor loss coefficients (Table)
Minor loss calculation using equivalent
pipe length
kl D
Le
f
Energy and hydraulic grade lines
Unless local effects are of particular interests the changes in the EGL and HGL are
often shown as abrupt changes (even though the loss occurs over some distance)
Example
In the figure shown two new cast iron pipes in series, D1
=0.6m , D2 =0.4m length of the two pipes is 300m, level at A
=80m , Q = 0.5m3/s (T=10oC).there are a sudden contraction
between Pipe 1 and 2, and Sharp entrance at pipe 1.
Fine the water level at B
e = 0.26mm
v = 1.31×10-6
Q = 0.5 m3/s
Solution
Z A ZB hf
hL h f 1 h f 2 hent hc hexit
2 2 2 2
L1 V1 L2 V2 V1 V2 V22
hL f1 f2 kent kc kexit
D1 2 g D2 2 g 2g 2g 2g
Q 0.5 Q 0.5
V1 1.77 m/ sec , V 2 3.98 m/ sec ,
A1 π A2 π
0.6 2 0.4 2
4 4
VD VD
Re1 1 1 8.1 105 , Re 2 2 2 1.22 106 ,
υ υ
0.26
0.00043, 0.00065,
D1 600 D1
moody
f1 0.017 moody
f 2 0.018
2 2
300 1.77 300 3.98
h f 0.017 . 0.018 .
0.6 2 g 0.4 2 g
1.77 2 3.982 3.982
0.5 0.27 13.36m
2g 2g 2g
ZB = 80 – 13.36 = 66.64 m
Example
A pipe enlarge suddenly from D1=240mm to D2=480mm. the
H.G.L rises by 10 cm calculate the flow in the pipe
Solution p1 V12 p2 V22
z1 z 2 hL
g 2 g g 2 g
V12 V22 p2 p1
hL z 2 z1
2g 2g g g
V12 V22 V1 V2
2
0 .1
2g 2g 2g
V1 A1 V2 A2
V1
4
0.24 2 V2
4
0.482
V1 4V2
16V22 V22 4V2 V2
2
0.1
2g 2g 2g
2
6V2
0.1
2g
V2 0.57m / s Q V2 A2 0.57 4 0.482 0.103m 3 / s
• Note that the above values are average
typical values, actual values will depend
on the make (manufacturer) of the
components.
• See:
– Catalogs
– Hydraulic handbooks !!
111