LTE Enabling

Technologies

BY:
ENG. Waleed Elsafoury
Copyright © 2014 Waleed Elsafoury
LTE Enabling Technologies

• Orthogonal Frequency Division

CDS
Multiplexing

• Single Carrier FDMA

FDE MIMO
• Frequency Domain Equalization
LTE
• Channel dependent scheduling

• Multi input Multi output

Antenna System OFDM SC-FDMA

LTE Enabling Technologies

Multipath fading

  path 1:
For
= 10 µsec


 3
  path 2:
For
= 20 µsec  6
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For symbol duration = 5 µsec Path 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Path 2

For symbol duration = 50 µsec Path 1 1 2 3

Path 2 1 2
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INTER SYMBOL INTERFERENCE

ISI

NO ISI
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INTER SYMBOL INTERFERENCE

1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4

1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4

NO ISI
WITH CP
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CYCLIC PREFIX

Cyclic prefix

Short CP Long CP
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In UMTS we use high data rate on one carrier (wide band carrier)
So we should suffer of high ISI effect
This is not true in UMTS. Why??

WE Use Rake Receiver

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But to overcome ISI we use Low data rate ( narrow band carrier)
So we can use parallel multi carriers to overcome low data rate

MCM
MULTI-CARRIER MODULATION
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Disadvantages of MCM

• INEFFICIENT USAGE OF BW

• H/W COMPLEXITY

OFDM is the solution

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1- OFDM
Multiplexing

• FDM
• TDM
• Statistical TDM
• CDM
• OFDM
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Orthogonal

Physical Mathematical
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Mathematical Orthogonallity
Discrete Signals

Σa.b=0
Continuous Signals

∫ 𝒂 (𝒕 ) 𝒃 ( 𝒕 ) 𝒅𝒕=𝟎
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WHAT ABOUT H/W COMPLEXITY?

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OFDM Processing

TX. SIDE RX. SIDE

CP CP
Mapper IFFT FFT De-Mapper
Insertion Removal

OFDM Modulation OFDM De-Modulation

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- Mapper

I&Q
Mapper UP Conversion

MODULATOR
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- Mapper

sample

 - j
10010001
Mapper

After RF conversion: I sin (2ᴨft) + Q cos (2ᴨft)

We get least hardware in high freq.

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discrete Fourier transform

inverse discrete Fourier transform

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Sample
0F
1F

2F
010010100111 Parallel
Series to 3F CP
Mapper to
Parallel Insertion
series Symbol OFDM
IFFT
with Symbol
length N with length
(N-1)F N+n
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OFDM Advantages
• H i g h d ata rate
• H i g h BW e ffi c i e n c y
• I S I F re e co m m u n i cati o n s
• L o w H / W C o m p l ex i t y
• C o nve r t s e l e c ti ve fa d i n g i nto fl at fa d i n g
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OFDM Dis-advantages
• HIGH PEAK TO AVERAGE POWER RATIO
• SENSITIVITY TO DOPPLER SHIFT
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• High PAPR problem is in PA in TX.
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SOLUTIONS OF HIGH PAPR

- Well Designed Power amplifier

This solution is accepted only for DL
because this solution is too expensive
So for UE the solution is :
- SC-FDMA
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OFDMA SC-FDMA

S1 S1 Z1

Mapper IFFT CP Mapper FFT IFFT CP

S4 S4 Z4
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SC-FDMA Advantages
• LOWERING THE PAPR
SC-FDMA Dis-advantages
• LOWER RATE
• SUFFER FROM SELECTIVE FADING
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Sensitivity to Doppler Shift
• WE OVERCOME IT BY USING FREQUENCY
COMPENSATION
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OFDMA
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3- Channel Dependence Schedule (CDS)

What to schedule?
• Radio Resources
• Modulation Scheme
• Channel coding scheme
• Power control
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Why to schedule?

• High utilization for BW

• Uninterrupted service
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How to schedule?
• Traffic load
 No. of users
 Service type
• Channel quality indicators (CQI)
• QOS
 Throughput (Mean– Peak)
 Priority
 Delay

DONE FOR ALL USERS EVERY 1 MSEC

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4- Frequency Domain Equalization

WE INSERT REFERENCE SIGNALS TO GET Equalization

CHANNEL ESTIMATION
Time Frequency
Domain Domain

But Why Frequency Domain not Time

Domain Equalization
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5 - MIMO
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6 - MIMO
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6 - MIMO