Lecture Outline

Chapter 20

College Physics, 7th Edition

Wilson / Buffa / Lou

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 20.1 Induced emf: Faraday’s Law
and Lenz’s Law
• Emf – what is it???
• It is capable of producing what???
 20.1 Induced emf: Faraday’s Law
and Lenz’s Law
We observe that, when a magnet is moved
near a conducting loop, a current is induced.
When the motion stops, the current stops.

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 20.1 Induced emf: Faraday’s Law
and Lenz’s Law
On the other hand, when a loop moves
parallel to a magnetic field, no current is
induced.

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 20.1 Induced emf: Faraday’s Law
and Lenz’s Law

Changing current in one

loop can induce a current
in a second loop. (3rd way)
a.) When the switch is
closing the buildup of
current produces a
changing magnetic field in
the other loop (inducing
current)

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 20.1 Induced emf: Faraday’s Law
and Lenz’s Law

We conclude that current is induced only

when the magnetic field through the loop
changes. This is called…

An induced emf is produced in a loop or complete

circuit whenever the number of magnetic field lines
passing through the plane of the loop or circuit
changes.

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 20.1 Induced emf: Faraday’s Law
and Lenz’s Law
In order to measure the change in the magnetic
field through a loop, we define the magnetic
flux:

SI unit of magnetic flux: the weber, Wb

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 20.1 Induced emf: Faraday’s Law
and Lenz’s Law
Faraday’s law for the induced emf:

The minus sign indicates the direction of

the induced emf, which is given by Lenz’s
law.
In words: this is the amount magnetic flux
changes in a certain amount of time.
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 20.1 Induced emf: Faraday’s Law
and Lenz’s Law
Lenz’s law:
An induced emf in a wire loop or coil has a direction
such that the current it creates produces its own
magnetic field that opposes the change in magnetic
flux through that loop or coil.

So if the magnetic field is increasing, the

induced current will produce a field in the
opposite direction, tending to decrease the
field.
Aka…if flux is positive, current is negative.

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 20.1 Induced emf: Faraday’s Law
and Lenz’s Law
The direction of the induced current is given by
a right-hand rule.
With the thumb of the right hand pointing in the
direction of the induced field, the fingers curl in the
direction of the induced current.

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 20.1 Induced emf: Faraday’s Law
and Lenz’s Law
• A) The south end of a bar magnet is
pulled far away from a small wire coil.
• B) Looking from behind the coil
toward the south end of the magnet
what is the direction of the induced
current: clockwise, counterclockwise,
or no induced current?
• C) Suppose the magnetic field over
the area of the coil is initially constant
at 40 mT, the coil’s radius is 2.0 mm,
and there are 100 loops in the coil.
Determine the induced emf in the coil
if the magnet is removed in 0.750s.
 Solution
• The induced emf will produce an (induced) current that, in
turn, will produce a magnetic field into the page so as to try
to prevent this decrease in flux. Therefore, the induced emf
and current are in the clockwise direction, as found using
the induced current right-hand rule.
• A = πr2 = 3.142 x (2.00 x 10-3 )2 = 1.26 x 10-5 m2
• θ = 0°
• ᶲi = BiAcosθ = (0.0400 T) x 1.26 x 10-5 m2 cos 0°
• = 5.03 x 10-7 T.m2
 20.1 Induced emf: Faraday’s Law
and Lenz’s Law
• In rural areas where electric power lines
carry electricity to big cities, it is possible to
generate small electric currents by means of
induction in a conducting loop. The overhead
power lines carry alternating currents that
periodically reverse direction 60 times per
second. How would you orient the plane of
the loop to maximize the induced current if
the power lines run north to south:
• Parallel to Earth’s surface
• Perpendicular to Earth’s surface in the
North-South direction
• Perpendicular to Earth’s surface in the east-
to-west direction
 20.1 Induced emf: Faraday’s Law
and Lenz’s Law
• Suppose an electromagnet exposes
a speaker to a maximum magnetic
field of 1.00 mT that reverses
direction every 1/120s. Assume the
speaker’s coil consists of 100 circular
loops (each with radius of 3.00 cm)
and has a total resistance of 1.00
ohm. According to the manufacturer
of the speaker, the average current in
the coil should not exceed 25.0 mA.
• A) Calculate the magnitude of the
average induced emf in the coil
during the time period.
• B) Is the induced current likely to
damage the speaker coil?
Solution
 To do
• Calculate the magnitude of the induced emf
when the magnet is thrust into a coil, given the
following information: the single loop coil has a
radius of 6.00 cm and the average value of B
cos  (this is given, since the bar magnet’s field
is complex) increases from 0.0500 T to 0.250 T
in 0.100 s. (Solution: emf = N ΔΦ/Δt, ΔΦ= A Δ(B
cos, r
 Eddy Currents and Magnetic
Damping

• Current loops induced in moving conductors are called Eddy currents.

• They can create significant drag, called magnetic damping.

• Metals can be separated from other trash by magnetic drag. Eddy

currents and magnetic drag are created in the metals sent down this
ramp (incline) by the powerful magnet beneath it. Nonmetals move on.
 Electric Generators
• An electric generator rotates a coil in a magnetic field,
inducing an emf given as a function of time by
• emf = NABω sin ωt,
• where A is the area of an N -turn coil rotated at a
constant angular velocity ω in a uniform magnetic field B
.
• The peak emf, emf0 of a generator is
emf0 = NABω.
ω= f 2π
f is the frequency of oscillation.
 Back Emf
• Back emf is the generator output of a motor.

• It is proportional to the motor’s angular velocity ω .

• It is zero when the motor is first turned on i.e the coil receives
the full driving voltage and the motor draws maximum current
when it is on but not turning.

• As the motor turns faster and faster, the back emf grows,
always opposing the driving emf, and reduces the voltage
across the coil and the amount of current it draws.
• When a vacuum cleaner, refrigerator, or
washing machine is first turned on, lights
in the same circuit dim briefly due to the IR
drop produced in feeder lines by the large
current drawn by the motor. When a motor
first comes on, it draws more current than
when it runs at its normal operating speed.
 Example
The coils have a 0.400 Ω equivalent resistance and
are driven by a 48.0 V emf. Shortly after being
turned on, they draw a current I = V/R = (48.0
V)/(0.400 Ω ) = 120 A and, thus, dissipate P = I 2R =
5.76 kW of energy as heat transfer. Under normal
operating conditions for this motor, suppose the
back emf is 40.0 V. Then at operating speed, the
total voltage across the coils is 8.0 V (48.0 V minus
the 40.0 V back emf), and the current drawn is I =
V/R = (8.0 V)/(0.400 Ω ) = 20 A . Under normal
load, then, the power dissipated is P = IV = (20 A)
x (8.0 V) = 160 W . The latter will not cause a
problem for this motor, whereas the former 5.76
kW would burn out the coils if sustained.
 Transformers
• Transformers use induction to transform voltages from one value
to another.

• Transformers are also used at several points in the power

distribution systems.

• Power is sent long distances at high voltages, because less

current is required for a given amount of power, and this means
less line loss. But high voltages pose greater hazards, so that
transformers are employed to produce lower voltage at the
user’s location.

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23
typical construction of a
simple transformer has two
coils wound on a
ferromagnetic core that is
laminated to minimize eddy
currents.

Any change in current in the

primary induces a current in
the
secondary.

24
• For a transformer, the voltages across the primary and
secondary coils are related by
Vs/Vp= Ns/Np,
where Vp and Vs are the voltages across primary and secondary
coils having Np and Ns turns.
• The currents Ip and Is in the primary and secondary coils are
related by
Is/Ip= Np/Ns
• A step-up transformer increases voltage and decreases current,
whereas a step-down transformer decreases voltage and
increases current.

25
 Electrical Safety: Systems and Devices
• Electrical safety systems and devices are employed to prevent thermal and
shock hazards.

• Circuit breakers and fuses interrupt excessive currents to prevent thermal

hazards.

• The three-wire system guards against thermal and shock hazards, utilizing
live/hot, neutral, and earth/ground wires, and grounding the neutral wire and
case of the appliance.

• A ground fault interrupter (GFI) prevents shock by detecting the loss of current
to unintentional paths.

• An isolation transformer insulates the device being powered from the original
source, also to prevent shock.

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• Many of these devices use induction to perform their basic function.
 20.4 Electromagnetic Waves

James Clerk Maxwell showed how the electric

and magnetic fields could be viewed as a single
electromagnetic field, with the following
properties:

A time-varying magnetic field produces a time-varying

electric field.

A time-varying electric field produces a time-varying

magnetic field.

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 20.4 Electromagnetic Waves
An accelerating charge produces an
electromagnetic wave. The electric and
magnetic fields are perpendicular to each other
and to the direction of propagation of the wave.

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 20.4 Electromagnetic Waves
All electromagnetic waves travel at the
same speed in vacuum:

In a vacuum, all electromagnetic waves, regardless

of frequency or wavelength, travel at the same
speed, c = 3.00 × 108 m/s.

This finite speed of electromagnetic waves

leads to delays in transmitting signals over
long distances, such as to spacecraft.

All self-propagating; act as transverse

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 20.4 Electromagnetic Waves
An electromagnetic wave
transmits energy; its electric
and magnetic fields are capable
of accelerating charged
particles.
It will exert a force on any
surface it intercepts; this
phenomenon is called radiation
pressure.
It is negligible in everyday
experience, but could be used
to power “solar sails” for
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interplanetary travel.
 20.4 Electromagnetic Waves
Electromagnetic waves can have any
frequency. Different frequencies have been
given different labels.

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 20.4 Electromagnetic Waves

• Frequency and • Categories of

wavelength are spectrum:
inversely related. – Power Waves
– Radio Waves
– Microwaves
– Infrared Waves
– Visible Light Waves
– UV Rays
– X-Rays
– Gamma Rays
 20.4 Electromagnetic Waves
(Reading: page 715)
• The first successful Mars landings were the Viking
probes in 1976. They sent radio and TV signals back to
Earth. How much longer would it have taken for a signal
to reach us when Mars was farthest from the Earth than
when it was closest to us? The average distance of Mars
and Earth and the Earth from the Sun are 229 million km
and 150 million km respectively. Assume that both
planets have circular orbits, and use the average
distances as the radii of the circles.
 Radio and TV waves
• Radio and TV waves are generally in the frequency range from
500 kHz to about 1000 MHz.
• The AM (amplitude-modulated) band runs from 530 to 1710
kHz (1.71 MHz).
• Higher frequencies, up to 54 MHz, are used for “shortwave”
bands.
• TV bands range from 54 MHz to 890 MHz. The FM (frequency
modulated) radio band runs from 88 to 108 MHz, which lies in
a gap between channels 6 and 7 of the range of TV bands.
• Calculate the wavelengths of a 1530-kHz AM radio signal, a
105.1-MHz FM radio signal, and a 1.90-GHz cell phone signal.

Solution: c = fλ
λ = c/f = (3 x 108)/(1530 x 103) = 196 m
λ = c/f = (3 x 108)/(105.1 x 106) = 2.85 m
λ = c/f = (3 x 108)/(1.90 x 109) = 0.16 m