Chapter 4.

Instrument Transformers :
CT and PT
The both of transformer have low VA rating

Current transformers
• To reduce the heavy current
• To isolate the relay circuit from the primary circuit

Specifications
1. Rated primary and secondary current
2. Rated short time current
3. Rated burden
4. Accuracy class
5. Ratio error
1
6. Insulation level (for only primary)
The secondary current rating is usually 5 or 1 ampere.
C.T used for instrumentations is required to be accurate
over the normal working range of currents.
C.T. used for protection is required to give a correct
ratio up to several times the rated primary current.
The rated primer current
2.5 A; 5; 7.5; 10; 15; 20; 25 30 up to10,000 Ampere.
Rated short time currents and duration for example
750 A for 0.5 sec; 525 A for 1 sec; 300 A for 3 sec.

The accuracy of a current transformer is expressed in terms

of the departure of its ratio from and is called the ratio error.2
 NI S  I P
Per cent error = IP
x 100 %

N : Nominal ratio rated IP to rated IS.

IS : Secondary current; IP: Primary current.

Accuracy class of current transformers are quoted

5P and 10 P which gives a composite error at rated
accuracy limit at rated accuracy limit of 5% and 10%,
A current transformer information: 15 VA, Class 5P20
which means that it is rated for a burden 15 VA
and will not have more than 5% error at 20 times I(rated).

C.T. burden (VA) is defined as the loads connected

across its secondary 3
CURRENT TRANSFORMERS FOR PROTECTION
APPLICATIONS

• Almost all CTs universally have 5 A secondary

ratings
CTs used for protective relaying are classified for
accuracy by C, K, or T ratings. The rating system is
based on a 10% current error at 20 times rated
current. A 1000/5, C400 CT is capable of producing
a secondary output of 400 V without exceeding an
error of 10% up to a second current of 100
secondary amps.

5
Saturation with symmetrical Fault Current (with DC Component)

To minimize the effect of saturation under steady-state fault

condition, the saturation voltage must be less than 50% of
the C voltage rating or C voltage rating greater than 2 × VX.
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Saturation with Asymmetrical Fault Current (with DC Component)

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FiGURE . Typical exciter curve of a Class C or Class K multiratio CT
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CT EXCITATION CURVE

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Example
Current transformer is designated as 600/5 A, 2 5VA, 5P20,
RCT = 0.2 ohm. Détermine knee point voltage.

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C.Ts. Construction
Current transformers can be classified into
a). Window type CT
which includes bushing type ; bar type C.T split-core type CT
The window type CT is the simplest form of instruments transformer
b). Wound type C.T. the latter having both a primary and secondary winding.
The most common type is that wound on a torroidal core

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Current Transformer

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Figure Polarity convection for current transformer

Figure Wye connection of CT

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Potential Transformer
• To reduce the system voltage to level lower (suitable)
• The secondary voltage rating is usually 110 V, 220 V, 240 Volt.
Potential Transformer
Potential transformer specification
1. Rated primary and secondary voltage
2. Rated burden
3. Accuracy class
4. Ratio error
5. Number of phases

20
 KV S  V P
Percentage ratio error = x 100
VP

K: Nominal voltage ratio, VS : Secondary voltage,

VP : Primary voltage.

Potential Transformer Construction

The following two types are used for P.T.s
namely
i). Electromagnetic wound type and
ii). Capacitive coupled PT

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The standard accuracy classes at the rated burden are 0.3, 0.6, and
1.2. For medium and high-voltage systems, VT is selected with an
accuracy class of 0.3 at the rated burden. The standard burden
designations are W, X, M, Y, Z, and ZZ.

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69 kV Single bushing Dual bushing out-door PT 242 kV single bushing

PT Construction 24