ENGINEERI

FLUID
NG
LECTURE 2 – PRESSURE AND

MECHANIC
FLUID STATICS
MAGHANOY|MEC 164|2021
PRESS
URE
Is defined as a normal
force exerted by a
fluid per unit area.

The pressure on the feet of a chubby person is greater

than the pressure on the feet of a slim person.
UNITS OF
PRESSURE
ABS, GAGE,
VACUUM Absolute pressure is the actual
pressure at a given position.
  𝑷𝒂𝒃𝒔 = 𝑷 𝒂𝒕𝒎 + 𝑷𝒈
  𝑷𝒂𝒃𝒔 = 𝑷 𝒂𝒕𝒎 − 𝑷 𝒗𝒂𝒄
Gage pressure is the difference
between the absolute pressure and
the atmospheric pressure.
  𝑷𝒈 = 𝑷𝒂𝒃𝒔 − 𝑷𝒂𝒕𝒎
Vacuum Pressure is the pressure
below the atmospheric pressure
  𝑷𝒗𝒂𝒄 = 𝑷𝒂𝒕𝒎 − 𝑷 𝒂𝒃𝒔
EXAMPLE
PRESSURE
WITH DEPTH
Pressure in a fluid increases with depth
because more fluid rests on deeper layers,
and the effect of this “extra weight” on a
deeper layer is balanced by an increase in
pressure

Pressure in a fluid increases linearly with

depth
PRESSURE
WITH DEPTH
Pressure in a liquid at rest increases
linearly with distance from the free
surface.

The pressure is the same at all points on a

horizontal plane in a given fluid regardless
of geometry, provided that the points are
interconnected by the same fluid.
PASCAL’ S LAW
A consequence of the pressure in a fluid
remaining constant in the horizontal
direction is that the pressure applied to a
confined fluid increases the pressure
throughout by the same amount

He realized that two hydraulic cylinders of

different areas could be connected, and
the larger could be used to exert a
proportionally greater force than that
applied to the smaller
EXAMPLE
Two pistons of a hydraulic lift have diameters of 60 cm and 5 cm. What
is the force exerted by the larger piston when 50 N is placed on the
smaller piston?
MANOMETER

Commonly used to measure small and

moderate pressure differences. A manometer
mainly consists of a glass or plastic U-tube
containing one or more fluids such as
mercury, water, alcohol, or oil.
EXAMPLE
WITH
VARYING
FLUID
In stacked-up fluid layers, the pressure
change across a fluid layer of density
ρ and height h is ρ gh.
PRESSURE
WITH DEPTH
Measuring the pressure drop across a
flow section or a flow device by a
differential manometer.
PRESSURE
WITH DEPTH
HYDROSTATIC
FORCES
MOMENT OF
INERTIA
HYDROSTATIC
FORCES
HYDROSTATIC
FORCES
CURVE
SURFACES
EXAMPLE
BOUYANCY
The buoyant force acting on a body
immersed in a fluid is equal to the
weight of the fluid displaced by the
body, and it acts upward through the
centroid of the displaced volume
BOUYANCY

For floating bodies, the weight of the entire body must be equal
to the buoyant force, which is the weight of the fluid whose
volume is equal to the volume of the submerged portion of the
floating body
EXAMPLE