Food Packaging and Storage Technology (FOOD6021)

Effective Period : September 2021

Introduction to Food Packaging

Session 1

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 Learning outcomes

• LO1: Evaluate the fundamentals of packaging materials and several innovative

packaging processes for developing advanced food packaging
• LO2: Choose the right packaging for a particular food product

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 Outline

• Definitions
• Functions of packaging
• Package Environment
• Function-environment evaluation of packaging

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 Introduction

http://www.bluespicedesign.com/blog/2015/08/06/the-importance-of-packaging/ 4
Introduction

5
 Definitions

• Packaging Institute International (Glossary of Packaging

Terms, 1988) defined packaging as the enclosure of
products, items or packages in a wrapped pouch, bag, box,
cup, tray, can, tube, bottle or other container form to
perform one or more of the following functions:
• -containment,
• -protection, If the device or container
• -preservation, performed one or more of
these functions, it was
• -communication, considered a package.
• -utility
• -performance.

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 Definitions

“package,” “packaging” and “packing.”

• The package is the physical entity that contains the

product.
• Packaging was defined in the previous page and, in
addition, it is also a discipline as in “Packaging
Technologist.”
• The verb “packing” can be defined as the enclosing of an
individual item (or several items) in a package or
container.

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LEVELS OF PACKAGING :

• Primary package.
• Secondary package
• Tertiary package
• Quaternary package

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Primary package

• The one that is in direct contact

with the contained product.
Examples : metal cans,
paperboard cartons, glass
bottles, and plastic pouches.

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 Secondary package

• A secondary package, is designed for the display of

primary packages, for example, a corrugated case.

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Tertiary package

• is made up of a number of
secondary packages, the
most common example
being a stretch-wrapped
pallet of corrugated cases

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Quaternary package

• is frequently used to facilitate

the handling of tertiary
packages. This is generally a
metal container up to 40 m in
length that can hold many
pallets and is intermodal in
nature

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Packaging Levels

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 Packaging Levels

https://i0.wp.com/thepackman.in/wpcontent/uploads/2019/10/TrackTrace1.jpg 14
Packaging Levels

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 Packaging Levels

https://image.slidesharecdn.com/introductionfoodpackaging130902210406phpapp02/95/introduction-food-packaging-14-638.jpg?cb=13781559
04 16
 FUNCTIONS OF PACKAGING

Functions of packaging
• Containment
• Protection
• Convenience
• Communication

http://www.packaging-gateway.com/features/featureperfect-match-brand-
promotion-packaging-social-media/

https://www.packworld.com/sites/default/files/styles/lightbox/public/field/image/image002.jpeg?itok=trtwQPsI
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CONTAINMENT

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PROTECTION

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CONVENIENCE

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COMMUNICATION

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 Additional Attributes
for the Functions of Packaging

There are also several attributes of packaging that are

important :
• it should be efficient from a production or commercial
viewpoint, that is, in filling, closing, handling,
transportation, and storage.
• The package should have, throughout its life cycle from
raw material extraction to final disposal after use,
minimal adverse environmental impacts.
• The package should not impart to the food any
undesirable contaminants

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 Package Environments

• The packaging has to perform its functions in three different

environments :
 Physical Environment
 Ambient Environment
 Human Environment

• Failure to consider all three environments during

package development will result in poorly designed
packages, increased costs, consumer complaints, and even
avoidance or rejection of the product by the consumer.

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 Physical Environment

This is the environment in which physical damage can be

caused to the product,
shocks from drops, falls, and bumps;
vibrations arising from transportation via road, rail, sea,
and air;
compression and crushing damage arising from stacking
during transportation or storage in warehouses, retail
outlets, and the home environment.

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 Ambient Environment

Damage to the product can be caused as a result of:

• exposure to gases (particularly O2), water and water vapor
H2O, light (particularly UV radiation),
• effects of heat and cold,
• effects of as well as microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, molds,
yeasts, and viruses) and macroorganisms (rodents, insects,
mites, and birds),  common at warehouses
• exhaust fumes from automobiles
• dust and dirt

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 Human Environment

• This is the environment in which the package is handled by

people, and designing packages for this environment requires
knowledge of the strengths and frailties of:
– human vision,
– human strength and weakness,
– dexterity,
– memory,
– cognitive behavior, etc.

• It also includes results of human activity such as:

– liability,
– litigation,
– legislation,
– regulation. 26
 FUNCTIONS/ENVIRONMENT GRID

Figure 1.1 Functions/environments grid for evaluating package

performance.

Physical Environments Human

Ambient

Containment

Protection

Convenience

Communication

(From Lockhart, H.E., Packag. Technol. Sci., 10, 237, 1997.) 27

 PACKAGING INNOVATION

Innovation has been defined as invention plus exploitation.

Thus, drivers for packaging innovations:
• Fast-changing social trends
• The increasing consumer demand for convenience and safety
• Environmental awareness,
• Profitability and differentiation
• Sustainability ( a plethora of labels such as carbon footprint and paper
from sustainably managed forests)

 Because consumers want innovation and value novelty, the packaging

industry must continue to innovate or risk stagnation.

Packaging innovations come from the evaluation of FUNCTIONS-

ENVIRONMENT GRID!

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Trends in Food Packaging

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Trends in Food Packaging

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RTE Food Packaging

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http://www.foodreview.co.id/COVID-19%20DAN%20KEAMANAN%20PANGAN.pdf 32
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 References

• Gordon L Robertson. 2012. Food Packaging:

Principles and Practice. CRC Press. Boca Raton.
ISBN:978-1439862414
• Lockhart, H.E., Packag. Technol. Sci., 10, 237, 1997

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