Earth Science

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 China produces the most
cement globally by a large
margin, at an estimated 2.2
billion metric tons in 2019,

Cemente
followed by India at 320
million metric tons in the
same year.

d or welding of clastic
-hardening
sediments by the precipitation of
mineral matter in pore spaces

Some hammers are so

cemented that a hammer
and chisel or impact
hammer may be needed to
get to the gold
CHEMICAL
ENERGY

Chemical energy is energy stored in the

bonds of chemical compounds, like atoms
and molecules. This energy is released
when a chemical reaction takes place.
Usually, once chemical energy has been
released from a substance, that substance
is transformed into a completely new
substance
 CLEAVAGE

- The tendency
of a mineral
to break along
certain planes
 Compressed
soil as a result
of physical
pressure
COMPACTION

process in which
sediment is squeezed
and in which the size
of the pore space
between sediments
grains is reduced by
the weight and
pressure of overlaying
layers.
 Conduction is the process by which heat
CONDUCTION energy is transmitted through collisions
between neighboring atoms or
molecules. Conduction occurs more readily
in solids and liquids, where the particles are
closer to together, than in gases, where
particles are further apart.
C
O
N
T
A A type
C of metamorphism
T
 in which the
M mineralogy and
E
T
texture of a body
A of rock are
M changed by
O
R exposure to the
P pressure and
H
I extreme
S temperature
M
associated with a
body of intruding
magma.
CONVECTION

Convection is a transfer of heat related to the

movement that occurs within a fluid due to the rising
of hotter materials paired with the sinking of colder
materials. This occurs because hotter materials have
less density than colder ones.
 AL
CRYST

st a l l i n e solid is
r cr y
A crystal o t e r i a l whose
a solid m a
e a r r a n g e d in a
ts ar
constituen ed microscopic
er
highly ord i n g a c rystal
for m
structure, x t e n d s i n all
te
lattice tha .
directions
 DensIty
describes how much matter is in
a certain amount of space.
 DEPOSITED

Are rocks ,
sediments or
soil that are
added to
landform or
landmass
ELECTRON

are negatively charged

particles, orbiting the
nucleus.
E
N
E
R
G
Y

energy is the capacity to do

work; the influence required to
perform an action. The amount
of energy in a system is the
amount of change that can be
made to it.
 E
R
O
S
the action of surface I
processes (such as O
water flow or wind) that N
removes soil, rock, or
dissolved material from
one location on the
Earth's crust, and then
transports it to another
location
EXTRUSIVE

 refers to the mode of

igneous volcanic rock
formation in which hot
magma from inside the
Earth flows out onto the
surface as lava or explodes
violently into the
atmosphere to fall back as
pyroclastic or tuff.
FOLIATION

repetitive layering in
metamorphic rocks. Each layer
can be as thin as a sheet of
paper, or over a meter in
thickness. The word comes
from the Latin folium, meaning
"leaf", and refers to the sheet-
like planar structure. It is
caused by shearing forces, or
differential pressure.
 Carlos H. Camara Elnora G. Camara Sherlita Dadulo
Pedro Dadulo

Rose Marie Camara Jean Eledia Maridel C. Pasa Janeth Ubay-ubay Luz V. Dadulo Fe V. Dadulo Alvin V. Dadulo

Elsie D. Camara Jerry V. Dadulo

Joan C. Vandeweile Carlos Camara Jr.

Richard Camara

Sheryl V. Dadulo Anjjie V. Dadulo

Hazel C. Ontiveros Loie G. Camara

Matt Louie D. Camara Mieg Lorrain D. Camara

Marianne Loisse D. Camara

 Describes
how a mineral
breaks
without any
pattern.
FRACTURE
 FUEL

material such as coal, gas, or oil that

is burned to produce heat or power.
 H
A
R
D
N
E
The S
mineral’s S
ability to
resist
being
scratched.
HYDROCARBON

is an organic chemical compound

composed exclusively of hydrogen and
carbon atoms. Hydrocarbons are
naturally-occurring compounds and
form the basis of crude oil, natural gas,
coal, and other important energy
sources.
INTRUSIVE

when magma penetrates

existing rock, crystallizes, and
solidifies underground to form
intrusions, such as batholiths,
dikes, sills, laccoliths, and
volcanic necks. Intrusion is
one of the two ways igneous
rock can form.
 is a charged atom or molecule. It
is charged because the number
of electrons do not equal the
number of protons in the atom
ION or molecule. An atom can
acquire a positive charge or a
negative charge depending on
whether the number of electrons
in an atom is greater or less then
the number of protons in the
atom.
 energy that it possesses due to its
motion. It is defined as the work
needed to accelerate a body of a
given mass from rest to its stated
velocity.
LAVA

Lava is molten rock (magma)

that has been expelled from
the interior of some planets
(including Earth) and some of
their moons.
LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY

energy can neither

be created nor
destroyed - only
converted from one
form of energy to
another.
 LUSTER
-is the way light interacts with the surface of a
crystal, rock, or mineral.
 M A G M A

the molten or semi-molten natural material from which

all igneous rocks are formed.
 MINERALS

naturally occurring
inorganic element or
compound having an
orderly internal structure
and characteristic chemical
composition, crystal form,
and physical properties. 
POTENTIAL
ENERGY

energy is energy that is
stored – or conserved - in an
object or substance. This
stored energy is based on the
position, arrangement or
state of the object or
substance. You can think of it
as energy that has the
'potential' to do work.
RADIATION
 the emission or transmission of
energy in the form of waves or
particles through space or through
a material medium.
 R
E
g
I
 A type
O
of metamorphis N
m in which the A
mineralogy and
texture of rocks L
are changed
over a wide area
by deep burial M
and heating E
associated with
the large-scale
T
forces of plate A
tectonics
M
O
P
H
I
S
m
 ROCKS

is any naturally occurring

solid mass or aggregate of
minerals or mineraloid matter.
It is categorized by the
minerals included, its
chemical composition and the
way in which it is formed
 SEDIMENT
S

naturally occurring material that is broken down by

processes of weathering and erosion, and is
subsequently transported by the action of wind,
water, or ice or by the force of gravity acting on the
particles.
S I LI CAT E

 are rock-forming
minerals made up
of silicate groups.
They are the
largest and most
important class
of minerals 
STREAK

also called
"powder color") of
a mineral is
the color of the
powder produced
when it is dragged
across an
unweathered
surface. This
trail's color general
ly is much more
consistent than
that of its parent
mineral and
therefore is an
important mineral
identification tool.
 Stabl
e

An
object/structure
not likely to give
away. In short, it
is fixed
 WEATHERING

is the breaking down or

dissolving of rocks and
minerals on Earths surface.
Once a rock has been broken
down, a process called erosion
transports the bits of rock and
minerals away. Water, acids,
salt, plants, animals, and
changes in temperature are all
agents of weathering and
erosion.
E N D.