WEEK

1
Grade 11

For ACADEMIC AND

PROFESSIONAL PURPOSES
Prepared by: Ms. Caila
 UNIT 1: FOUNDATIONS OF
READING
LESSON 1:
Fundamentals of Reading Academic Texts
 Do you AGREE?

The text you read in school are different from the texts
you read during your leisure time.

While the texts you read for pleasure, such as graphic novels
or magazines, can be likened to the appeal of sweet desserts,
academic texts are more like the heavy main course. More
often than not they need to be chewed and savored for a long
time before their meanings can be fully digested.
WHAT IS ACADEMIC WRITING?
AND WHAT IS ITS PURPOSE?
WHAT IS ACADEMIC WRITING?

A process that starts with posing a

QUESTION, PROBLEMATIZING A
CONCEPT , EVALUATING AN
OPINION, AND ENDS IN
ANSWERING THE QUESTIONS
POSED, CLARIFYING THE
PROBLEM, AND/OR ARGUING FOR
A STAND
 ACADEMIC WRITING IS THINKING.
ACADEMIC WRITING INVOLVES RESEARCH.
ACADEMIC WRITING RELIES ON FACTS.
 • To inform
• To entertain
• To argue a specific point
and
• To persuade
• To inspire
ACADEMIC CREATIVE
WRITING
VS. WRITING
 CREATIVE
WRITING

A form of writing that involves with the use of

CREATIVITY, IMAGINATION, and INNOVATION.
 WHAT ARE ACADEMIC TEXTS?

ACADEMIC TEXTS
 are critical, objective, specialized texts written
by experts or professionals in a given field using
formal language.
 based on facts with solid basis.
 WHAT ARE ACADEMIC TEXTS?

 Academic texts, therefore, is generally quite

formal, objective (impersonal) and technical.
It is formal by avoiding casual or
conversational language, such as contractions
or informal vocabulary.
 avoiding direct reference to people or feelings,
and instead emphasizing objects, facts and
ideas.
 are technical by using vocabulary specific to
the discipline.
 To be a good academic writer, you will
need to learn the specific styles and
structures for your discipline, as well as
for each individual writing task.
 EXAMPLES OF
ACADEMIC TEXTS:
 ARTICLES
ARTICLES
1. Articles  published in scholarly journals
 offers results of research and development that can either
impact the academic community or provide relevance to nation-
building.

Scholarly Journals  are periodicals that contains articles

written by experts in a particular field of study. The articles are
intended to be read by other experts or students of the field and are
usually much more sophisticated and advanced than the articles found
in popular magazines.
EXAMPLES OF ACADEMIC TEXTS:
e-Books
e-Databases
e-Journals
EXAMPLES of e-Databases with SCHOLARLY JOURNALS

 American Journal of Sociology

(https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/toc/
ajs/current)
 Black Scholar https://
 Harvard Business Review academicjournals.org/all_arti
 JAMA: Journal of the American cles
Medical Association
 Journal of Clinical Psychology https://www.jstor.org/
 Modern Fiction Studies
 Physics Reports
 Technology and Culture
EXAMPLES OF SCHOLARLY JOURNALS
EXAMPLES OF SCHOLARLY JOURNALS
EXAMPLES OF SCHOLARLY JOURNALS ACCOUNTANCY
• Journal of Business Finance & Accounting
• Journal of International Financial Management & Accounting
ARCHITECTURE
• Architectural Design
• European Planning Studies
• International Planning Studies
• Journal of Urban Design
ARTS AND LETTERS
• American Journal of Physical Anthropology
e-journals

• Asian Journal of Communication

• Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media
• Journal of Public Relations Research
• Journal of Social Psychology
• Philippine Political Science Journal
• Political Science Quarterly
• Social Studies
• TESOL Journal
• TESOL Quarterly
COMMERCE
• Industrial Relations
• Journal of Advertising
• Journal of Marketing Communications
• Journal of Social Psychology
EXAMPLES OF SCHOLARLY JOURNALS FINE ARTS AND DESIGN
• The Design Journal
EDUCATION
• Asia-Pacific Journal of Teacher Education
• Childhood Education
• International Journal of Food Science and Technology
• Journal of Educational Research
• Journal of Food Science
• Nutrition & Dietetics
• Nutrition Today
e-journals

• Reading Teacher
• School Leadership & Management
• Science Activities: Projects and Curriculum Ideas in STEM Classrooms
• Tesol Journal
• Teaching Exceptional Children
ENGINEERING
• Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering
GENERAL
• Family Relations
• Journal of Family Theory & Review
• Journal of Marriage and Family
GRADUATE SCHOOL
• Journal of Sociolinguistics
• Journal of the Operational Research Society
EXAMPLES OF SCHOLARLY JOURNALS • Modern Language Journal
• Natural Product Research
• Public Administration Review
• World Englishes
LANGUAGES
• Communication , Culture & Critique
• TESOL Quarterly
LIBRARY SCIENCE
• IFLA Journal
e-journals

MEDICINE
• Academic Medicine
• Allergy
• AM Express
• American Journal of Clinical Pathology
• American Journal of Gastroenterlogy
MICROBIOLOGY
• Journal of Clinical Microbiology
• Microbial Ecology
MUSIC
• Journal of Musicological Research
EXAMPLES OF SCHOLARLY JOURNALS NURSING
• Advances in Nursing Science
• American Journal of Nursing
• Dimensions of Critical Care Nursing
• Infants & Young Children
• International Nursing Review
• Journal of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association
• Journal of Infusion Nursing
• Journal of Intravenous Nursing
e-journals

• Journal of Nursing Administration

EXAMPLES OF SCHOLARLY JOURNALS
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/
https://www.tandfonline.com/
https://www.jstor.org/
https://academicjournals.org/all_articles
 Characteristics of scholarly studies:
Reference/bibliographic list
Defined research question(s)
Qualitative, quantitative, or mixed research method
Sample(s) gathered from population
Uses of measurement instrument to gather data
Literature review
Inferences made from findings
Usually more than a single author
Scholarly, academic language
High page count
Tables and figures of findings
 PEER-REVIEW PROCESS

The process in which a new book, article, software program, etc., is submitted by the prospective publisher to
experts in the field for critical evaluation prior to publication, a standard procedure in scholarly publishing. Under
most conditions, the identity of the referees is kept confidential, but the identity of the author(s) is not. The
existence and content of a manuscript under review is kept confidential within the offices of the publisher and by the
referees, and all copies of the manuscript are returned to the publisher at the end of the process. In computer
programming, source code may be certified by its owner or licenser as open source to encourage development
through peer review. Synonymous with juried review.
Also refers to a method of performance evaluation in which the quality of a worker's job performance is assessed by
the employee's peers within the organization, usually as part of a formal review process resulting in a
recommendation to management.

https://products.abc-clio.com/ODLIS/odlis_p.aspx
 NON-SCHOLARLY JOURNALS

For entertainment only

 EXAMPLES OF NON-SCHOLARLY JOURNALS
News sources, newspapers, and materials that are time-based and get
updated frequently
primarily journalistic
written for a broad readership
advocacy or opinion-based. Keep in mind that opinion-based articles,
scholarly news, and letters to the editor get published in scholarly
journals alongside scholarly articles.
lack references to other sources
Data and statistical publications and compilations
Primary sources
Trade and professional sources
Reviews of books, movies, plays, or gallery and art shows, that are not
essay-length and that do not include a bibliographic context
 EXAMPLES OF NON-SCHOLARLY
JOURNALS
 News Magazines  usually issued
weekly
 useful for information on topics of
current interest, but the articles seldom
have the depth or authority of scholarly
journals and should be used sparingly when
writing a research paper.
 Their articles are heavily illustrated,
generally with photographs, and are geared
to an educated audience.
 Their main purpose is to provide
information, in a general manner, to a
broad audience.
 Most news periodicals do not cite their
sources and authors are often not
identified.
 EXAMPLES OF NON-SCHOLARLY
JOURNALS
 Popular Magazines  popular
and general interest or
sensational magazines can be Examples of Popular Magazines
informative and entertaining
 Author often employed by the  National Geographic
magazine  New Yorker
 No abstract  Scientific American
 Written for a general audience  Time
 No in-text citations and often no
references given
 Tend to have advertising
 Articles are not very long
 Articles are not peer reviewed
EXAMPLES OF NON-SCHOLARLY
JOURNALS
 EXAMPLES OF NON-SCHOLARLY
JOURNALS
 Opinion Magazines  typically have a narrow focus
 Opinions or viewpoints on cultural or political affairs, usually with a
particular bias
 Good for comparing points of view. Look at a political topic in both The
Nation and The National Review to see vast differences of opinion

Examples: • Mother Jones

• The • The Nation
American • National
Spectator, Review
• Christianity • New
Today Republic
• Dissent, • Progressive
Harper's
EXAMPLES OF NON-SCHOLARLY
JOURNALS
 EXAMPLES OF NON-SCHOLARLY
JOURNALS
 Tabloids or Sensational Magazines  usually issued in a newspaper
format, sensational magazines use elementary, inflammatory, and sensational
language and assume a certain naiveté and gullibility in their audience.
 Their main purpose is to arouse curiosity, to cater to popular superstitions, and
to sell high volumes of issues.
 They often do so with flashy headlines designed to astonish (e.g., “Martians
Take President Captive,” “Junk Food Cures Cancer”).
 These articles are inaccurate and unreliable; sensational magazines should never
be used when researching and writing reports.

Examples:
• Globe
• National Enquirer
• Star
 CONFERENCE
CONFERENCE
PAPERS
PAPERS
2. Conference papers  papers presented in scholastic conferences, and
may be revised as articles for possible publication in scholarly journals.
 Its specific scope is to present a researcher’s findings to the community
 It could be an oral presentation, a tabled discussion, or a poster
presentation.
 review time for a conference paper is shorter and more predictable than a
journal submission.
 Papers from a particular conference are often compiled together as a
conference proceeding.

EXAMPLES OF ACADEMIC TEXTS:

 REVIEWS
REVIEWS

3. Reviews  provide evaluation or reviews of works published in

scholarly journals.

EXAMPLES OF ACADEMIC TEXTS:

Example
Exampleofofarticle
articlereview
review
 THESES,
THESES,
DISSERTATIONS
DISSERTATIONS

4. thesis  A proposition advanced and defended in a formal disputation,

especially by a candidate in partial fulfillment of university requirements
for a master's degree. Compare with dissertation.
dissertation - lengthy, formal written treatise or thesis, especially an
account of scholarly investigation or original research on a specialized
topic, submitted to a university in partial fulfillment of the requirements for
a Ph.D. degree.
https://products.abc-clio.com/ODLIS/odlis_d.aspx

EXAMPLES OF ACADEMIC TEXTS:

 Non-Academic Texts

Non-Academic texts 
 are written for the mass public
 published quickly and can be written by anyone
 their language is informal, casual and may contain
slang
 the author may not be provided and will not have
any credentials listed
 there will be no reference list
 In academic reading:

 full concentration and comprehension

are required for you to understand the
key ideas, information, themes, or
arguments of the text.
 READING GOALS
Know your purpose for reading early on,
so you can save time and improve your
comprehension.
BEFORE you read an academic text, ASK YOURSELF
THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS:

1. Why am I reading this text?

2. What information or pieces of information do I need?
3. What do I want to learn?
General purposes for reading an academic text:

•to better understand an existing idea

•to get ideas that can support a particular writing assignment
•to gain more information
•to identify gaps in existing studies
•to connect new ideas to existing ones
 O F
R E T S :
C T U E X
R U IC T
ST E M
A D
A C
Structure  is an important feature of
academic writing.
 A well-structured text enables the
reader to follow the argument and STRUCTUR
navigate the text. E OF
 In academic writing, a clear ACADEMI
structure and a logical flow are C TEXTS:
imperative to a cohesive text.
 two common structures: the three-
part essay structure and the
IMRaD structure.
 typically formal
they have a clearly structured
STRUCTUR
E OF introduction, body, and conclusion
includes information from credible
ACADEMI
C TEXTS: sources which are, in turn, properly
cited.
includes a list of references used in
developing the academic paper.
COMMON STRUCTURES
OF ACADEMIC TEXTS
 THREE
THREEPART
PARTESSAY
ESSAY
STRUCTURE
STRUCTURE
 a basic structure that consists of introduction, body and
conclusion
 The introduction and the conclusion should be shorter
than the body of the text.
 For shorter essays, one or two paragraphs for each of
these sections can be appropriate.
 For longer texts or theses, they may be several pages
long.
STRUCTURE OF ACADEMIC TEXTS:
HAVE
HAVEAABREAK,
BREAK,
HAVE
HAVEAAGAME!
GAME!
It is the HOOK or ATTENTION GETTER

A. Body B. Introduction C. Conclusion

 1. Introduction

Its purpose is to clearly tell the reader the topic, purpose

and structure of the paper.
As a rough guide, an introduction might be between 10
and 20 percent of the length of the whole paper and has
three main parts:

THREE PART ESSAY STRUCTURE

Introduction

3 MAIN PARTS
1. General information
 background and/or definitions
2. Core of the introduction
 where you show the overall topic, purpose, your point of view,
hypotheses and/or research questions (depending on what kind of paper
it is).
3. Specific information
 scope and structure of your paper
Keep in mind that:
• You should write your introduction after you
know both your overall point of view (if it is a
persuasive paper) and the whole structure of
your paper.
• You should then revise the introduction when you
have completed the main body.

THREE PART ESSAY STRUCTURE

example

https://www.jstor.org/stable/resre
p25138.1?
seq=1#metadata_info_tab_content
s
 2. Body

 develops the question, “What is the topic about?.”

 it may elaborate directly on the topic sentence by giving
definitions, classifications, explanations, contrasts,
examples and evidence
 considered as the heart of the essay because it expounds
the specific ideas for the readers to have a better
understanding of the topic
 usually largest part of the essay

THREE PART ESSAY STRUCTURE

 3. Conclusion
 is closely related to introduction
 often described as its ‘mirror image’ (if the introduction begins with
general information and ends with specific information, the
conclusion moves in the opposite direction)
 usually begins by briefly summarizing the main scope or structure
of the paper, confirms the topic that was given in the introduction,
ends with a more general statement about how this topic relates
to its context.
 may take the form of an evaluation of the importance of the topic,
implications for future research or a recommendation about theory
or practice.
THREE PART ESSAY STRUCTURE
 IMRaD Structure
Sections of the IMRaD structure:
 Introduction  usually depicts the
background of the topic and the
central focus of the study
 Methods  lets your readers know
your data collection methods, research
instrument employed, sample size and
so on.
 Results and Discussion  states the
brief summary of the key findings or
the results of your study
Content and Style of
Academic Texts
 Content and Style of Academic
Texts

ACADEMIC TEXTS

 include concepts and theories that are related to

the specific discipline they explore
 exhibit all the properties of a well-written text
 i.e., organization, unity, coherence and cohesion, as
well as struck adherence to rules of language use
and mechanics.
In general, authors observe the following when writing
academic texts:

 state critical questions and issues.

 provide facts and evidence from credible sources.
 use precise and accurate words while avoiding jargon and
colloquial expressions.
 take an objective point-of-view and avoid being personal
and subjective.
 list references.
 use hedging or cautious language to tone down their
claims.
RHETORICAL PATTERNS
USED IN ACADEMIC
WRITING
What is your purpose in writing academically?
Knowing your purpose would make it easier for you to
plan your academic paper.
Is your purpose to analyze or to describe?
Is it to persuade or criticize?
Your purpose for GIVES YOU
writing… DIRECTION

DICTATES THE
MODE OF
WRITING OR
RHETORICAL
PATTERN
Descriptive writing
Analytical writing
Persuasive writing
Critical writing
 Descriptive writing

- most basic
- explains a topic or issue by clarifying and give
information through description
- done by means of identifying, explaining, reporting,
recording, and summarizing.
 Analytical writing

- not just describe and define the topic, but rearranging

the facts in a logical sequence
- WHY?, HOW? And SO WHAT?
LANGUAGE USE IN ACADEMIC
WRITING
• Jargons
• Colloquial expressions
• Politically incorrect terms
 HEDGING
TYPES EXAMPLES As used in the sentence

The measure might have negative

Modal auxiliary verbs may, might, can, could, would, should
effects on the patient’s health

to seem, to appear (epistemic verbs),

Modal lexical verbs doubting and
to believe, to assume, to suggest, to The discussion appears to have a
evaluating rather than merely
estimate, to tend, to think, to argue, to positive implications
describing
indicate, to propose, to speculate

A number of significant changes are

Probability adjectives possible, probable, un/likely
possible.

assumption, claim, possibility, There are a number of claims

Nouns
estimate, suggestion pertaining to the possibility of divorce.

perhaps, possibly, probably,

The proposal is practically an answer
Adverbs practically, likely, presumably, virtually,
to the confusion.
apparently
 HEDGING
TYPES EXAMPLES As used in the sentence

approximately, roughly, about, often,

Indicators of degree, quantity, Fever is present in about a third of
occasionally, generally, usually,
frequency and time cases.
somewhat, somehow, a lot of

believe, to our knowledge, it is our The committee believes that the issue
Introductory phrases
view that, we feel that needs to be explored.
If anything, the opinion holds a
“If” clauses if true, if anything
number of truths.

Double hedges: seems reasonable,

looks probable; it may suggest that: it
seems likely that; it would indicate
that; this probably indicates
This probably indicates that the
Compound hedges Treble hedges: it seems reasonable to
assigned personnel is misinformed.
assume that
Quadruple hedges: it would seem,
somewhat unlikely that, it may appear
somewhat speculative that
 Topics, Themes,
Ideas for Academic
Writing
 Topics, Themes, Ideas for Academic Writing

Choice of topic
> is an important factor in academic writing.
> determines the message that you will impart to
your readers.
 Topics, Themes, Ideas for Academic Writing

Writers of academic texts must engage in data-

gathering procedures to arrive at valid, scientific,
and empirical evidence.
 Topics, Themes, Ideas for Academic Writing

- Strictly academic
e.g. the impact of the tuition hike on students from the low-income bracket.

- Personal issues
e.g. the impact of the no-junk-food policy in the school cafeteria on
students’ freedom of choice

- Other than academic

e.g. the use of red to boost the self-confidence of an individual
 FIN!

END OF DISCUSSION
REFERENCES

libguides.usc.edu/c.php?g=235208&p=1560699
montclair.libguides.com/c.php?g=297139&p=1981464
umb.libguides.com/c.php?g=351182&p=2367679
sccollege.edu/Library/Pages/Scholarly-Journals.aspx
libguides.library.curtin.edu.au/how-to-find/conference
www.midmich.edu/student-resources/lls/library/find-articles/academic-articles
academicguides.waldenu.edu/writingcenter/paperreviews/samplereviews