Duong Dinh Cong MD.

PhD
POPULATION STRUCTURE

Pop. Size is Pop. Quantity

Pop Structure is Pop. Quality

Pop Structure study about

Sex, age and their indicators
Dependency ratio, Golden pop. …
Ageing pop…
 AGE & SEX VARIABLES
Most important demographic variables
depends on these Age and Sex variables.

Even the Health variables ????

 SEX COMPOSITION
Sex composition is one of the basic
demographic characteristics, which is
extremely vital for any demographic analysis.

Changes in sex composition largely reflects

the underlying socio-economic and cultural
patterns of a society in different ways.
SEX INDICATORS
 TEACHING OBJECTIVES
POP. STRUCTURE SEX
COMPOSITION

• Sex and Gender Indicators

• Definition of sex and gender

• Male proportion in population

• Male ratio.
CONCEPT AND DEFINITION
Difference between
Sex and Gender
?
 TERMS ‘SEX’ AND ‘GENDER’

are often used to describe the same thing,

but refer to very different concepts. While they
are related, they may not be connected.

Sex: Biological and physical characteristics that

define human beings. These are typically labeled as male,
female, or intersex.
Referred to as ‘sex assigned at birth.’ which
means there are two different sex organs.
 PHÁI (SEX) VÀ GIỚI TÍNH (GENDER)

Theo WHO
Phái (Sex) hay Giới tính liên quan tính
chất sinh học, sinh lý khác nhau của nam
và nữ. ????
Giới (Gender) liên quan đến vị trí vai trò
xã hội, hành vi, hoạt động và chuẩn mực
xã hội dành cho nam hay nữ.
 ????
LGBTQ lesbian, gay, bisexual transgender and queer (or questioning):
the LGBTQ community
:
CÁC XU HƯỚNG GIỚI TÍNH KHÁC NHAU

L - Lesbian (Đồng tính luyến ái nữ)

G - Gay (Đồng tính luyến ái nam)
B - Bisexual (Lưỡng tính hoặc Song tính luyến ái)
T - Transgender hoặc Trans (Người chuyển giới):
GENDER IDENTIFY TERMS
SEX INDICATORS

Sex Proportion
(Male/Population)
 SEX RATIO
Sex ratio defined as :
number of females /per 100 males
in the population, at a given point of time.

 An important social indicator to measure the equity

between males and females in a society at a given point
of time.
It is mainly the outcome of the interplay of sex
differentials in mortality, in migration, sex ratio at
birth .
 SEX PROPORTION – VIETNAM
% MALE/POPULATION
 
1990 2000 2012 2015 2019
48,78 49,16 50,54 49,35 50
 
Female pop > Male pop.
From 2012, this proportion increased
LIFE EXPECTENCY BY SEX 2021
SEX INDICATORS

Sex Ratio
(Male/Female)
 SEX RATIO
•Sex Ratio of population
•Sex Ratio by age
•Sex Ratio at birth
•Sex Ratio at death
•Sex Ratio of Migrants
SEX RATIO OF POPULATION
SEX RATIO (2017)
 SEX RATIO
WORLD 101.4
Estonia 84.1
Russia 85.7
Latvia 86.2
Belarus 87.2
Viet Nam 100
Kuwait 153.0
Qatar 200.8
Arab 219.3
SEX RATIO OF VN POPULTION
SEX RATIO VN 1931-2021
97,8 (2012)
chung cho cả DS
100 (2021)
SEX RATIO of HOCHIMINH CITY

Sex Ratio of HCM city always smallest

in Vietnam
90,2 (79), 88,4 (89),
92,8 (99), 92,7(09)
90,42 (2012)
WHY?
Sex Ratio of HCMC. always smallest

Not related with SR at birth

But because of the Pop migration

Sex ratio of migrants always low, number of

female always high.
 SEX RATIO BY COUNTRIES
SRB 0-14 15-24 25-54 55-64 >65 TC
 QATA
1.02 1.02 2.42 5.01 3.40 1.89 3.39
R
UAE 1.06 1.07 1.19 3.27 6.05 3.39 2.56
 INDIA 1.11 1.13 1.14 1.07 1.00 0.89 1.08
CHINA 1.11 1.16 1.17 1.05 1.02 0.90 1.06
 PHILIP
1.05 1.04 1.04 1.04 0.86 0.68 1.01
.
USA 1.05 1.04 1.04 1.01 0.94 0.81 0.97
HK 1.06 1.12 1.10 0.75 0.87 0.88 0.86
VN SEX RATIO BY AGE (2017-2020)

At birth: 111 109

00-14 Yo:  111 111
15-24 Yo:  108 109
25-54 Yo:  101 103
55-64 Yo:  85 88
≥65 Yo:  63 66
Whole Pop:  100 101
 SEX RATIO BY AGE (1985)

Tuổi Tây Liên Thụy Thụy Pháp

Đức Sô Điển Sĩ
> 15 103 105 104 104 102
30 – 50 80 75 100 94 75
50 – 60 76 77 93 96 72
< 65 84 67 89 88 65
NORMALY SEX RATIO BY AGE

At birth = ??
18 Yo = ??
60 Yo = ??
 SEX RATIO BY AGE
Demographic law
At birth = 105-106 %
18 Yo = 100 %
60 Yo = 70%

Why?
Sexism
 SEXISM

 The belief that

the members of one sex are less intelligent,
able, skillful, etc. than the members of the
other sex,
especially that women are less able than
men:
.
  SEXISM IN USA

Legal status
By 1875 the American law recognized woman
as a human and 1920 had the right to vote
Education:
Past, woman is not allowed to study high
Job:
Women are not allowed to do many types of jobs.
.
SEX RATIO AT BIRTH
SRB
SEX RATIO AT BIRTH
 SEX
Country RATIO AT BIRTH (2016)SR
SRB
World 105 101
India 112 108
China 115 106
Vietnam 111 105
Singapore 107 0,96
HongKong 112 0,87
South Africa 102 0,98
Laos 104 0,99
VẤN ĐỀ NÓNG BỎNG HIỆN
NAY

 MẤT CÂN BẰNG GIỚI TÍNH

SEX RATIO AT BIRTH OF VIETNAM FROM 2006 TO 2014
SRB BY REGION
SRB AND MOTHER EDUCATION
 IMBALANCE OF SRB IN VN

Some demographic researchers have

warned that the current SRB is
 115-128 males / 100 females
 in 16 cities, provinces

 IMBALANCE OF SRB IN HCM

109 (2021)
But higher in
 9th district = 122,5 
Củ Chi = 118,6 .
Thủ Đức = 111,5
In october 2017,
In the closing remarks of the Central
Party Meeting 6, Mr. Secretary General
pointed out
…

We have to normalize the SRB

…
IMBALANCED SEX RATIO

SRB has increased in both rural and urban areas,

The rise has been most dramatic in urban areas.
Among Better-off households and higher
educated women, the SRB tends to be higher than
among poor households and less educated women.
Sex selection in first-order births is almost
exclusively.
UNBALANCED SEX RATIO AT BIRTH RAISES
ALARM IN VIETNAM
Wednesday, 05/24/2017, 12:15

Deputy Health Minister Nguyen Viet Tiens

declared “The unbalanced sex ratio at birth is
expanding quickly, particularly in the Red
River Delta”
 IMBALANCED SEX RATIO AT BIRTH
RAISES ALARM IN VIETNAM

In 2050 VN will be short of about
2.3-4.3 million women.

The wave of VN women go abroad to marry.

80,000(Taiwan), 60,000(Korea). Because these
countries have been unbalanced SR.

Where Vietnam man can import “wife”?

 IMBALANCED SRB IN CHINA
In 60,70 China had high birth rate, but SR
was normal

From 80, only 1 child FP ,

SR increased quickly to 110,120

Unbalanced SR in China caused a "huge

societal issue”
 IMBALANCED SRB IN CHINA, INDIA
Too many men: China and India battle with the
consequences of gender imbalance
In the world’s most populous nations,
men outnumber women by 70 million.

Leading demographer at Xian University warns:

“In China, there are millions of men who can’t
marry, and that could pose a very big risk to society,”.
IMBALANCED SEX RATIO

WHAT RISK???
Pbs of IMBALANCED SR FOR MEN
Can not have family
Lonely
Stress, depressed
Lost of value
“ If they remain single, they will be declared
not men at all !!!!!”
“men who didn’t get married are really
marginalised; even socialising in the village
is difficult,”
INEQUALITY GENDER VIOLENT

PROTITUTION TRAFFICKING
 Death rate of female children
SR

CHINA
 Pbs of IMBALANCED SR FOR WOMEN

•Early marriage

•prostitution, women trafficking …

•violence, child and women sexual assault, etc.

•Increasing the aging process; Reducing Natality,

and female work force.
In India, rape has been reported every 23
minutes .
New Delhi, the India capital is also known as
the “Capital of rape". .
                                         
BRIDE TRAFFICKING
HOW TO SOLVE PROBLEM
OF IMBALANCED SR?
 Vice Prime Minister Vu Duc Dam and
Head of World Population Funds
march in the campaign "Resolve MCB Sex"
ACTION for IMBALANCED SEX RATIO

1. Redefining
“good cultural traditions” to
strengthen women’s position
2. Change Male Kinship models
3. Addressing misuse of biomedical
technologies
4. Strengthening law and policy
enforcement
WHAT MEDICAL ACTIONS
for
IMBALANCED SEX RATIO??
 RESPONSIBILITY OF HEALTH FIELD
for SRB
No sex diagnosis,
Social propaganda on illegal behavior of MD.
Consultant convince people
Detect stopping co-workers from doing the
wrong thing.
MORTALITY AND GENDER
MALE OR FEMALE
WHO HAS MORE RISKS
TO DIES?
SEX-RATIO OF
DEATHS
 Mortality rate, adult, male (‰)
 1960 2016
World 372 18 Male
 298 123 Female
Vietnam 290 181 Male
 181 66 Female
"Healthy Men and High Mortality: Contributions
from a Population-Based study” T. Fraga Bastos ,

Women had a greater disadvantage in

socioeconomic indicators, chronic diseases BUT
more use of health services,

Men presented higher frequency of most

unhealthy behaviors and excessive mortality for
all causes.
MALE MORTALITY
RISK
 RISK of Male Mortality

MALE :Crime
Bad behaviors
High morbidity, Suicide,
K male> female

FEMALE
Low Hearth deseases
 MALE DEATH RISKS

Gene: Female XX, Male Xy

Weak immune system;

Being "threatened" since birth
 due to the risk of dying from
 1.5 to 2 times higher female
 MALE DEATH RISKS

Depressed ++++, high stress

Deseases: Heart, Lung K, stroke
Male suicide is almost four times
higher than that of women.
Risky life style????
High risk jobs???
Poor health care
 MALE HIGH MORTALITY
(DEMOGRAPHIC RULE)

By what informations to identify

this issue??
 MALE HIGH MORTALITY
(DEMOGRAPHIC RULE)

1. Compare male and female population

2. Compare male and female death rate
3. Compare male and female life expectensive


 MORTALITY – FRENCH
POPULATION
age 1910 1985
male fem male femal
0 241 252 15 12
10 35 40 6 2
20 60 63 9 3
30 66 70 12 6
40 89 81 33 17
50 154 129 97 42
60 320 303 235 114
70 655 653 474 302
80 938 934 799 708
 2010
Tuổi Nữ Nam Tuổi Nữ Nam
50-54 2375 2206
0-4 3511 3675 55-59 1900 1717
5-9 3273 3430 60-64 1164 912
10-14 3342 3502 65-69 919 703
15-19 4390 4573 70-74 801 588
20-24 4411 4542 75-79 689 479
25-29 4117 4167 80-84 403 263
30-34 3534 3524 85-89 198 118
35-39 3374 3302 90-94 62 32
40-44 3105 2981 95-99 12 5
45-49 2848 2700 100+ 1 0
Country % L Expect Fe/Mal
Thai 109
VN 108
Malaya 106
China 106
Laos 106
Cambodia 106
Indonesia 105
Myanmar 105
Philippines 104
Inde 102
Bangladesh 100
 LIFE EXPECTENSIVE DIFFERENCE
BETWEEN MALE AND MALE (VN)
Year Male Fem. All Pop
1989 63 67 65
1999 66 70 68
2008 68 74 71
2010 70 75 72
2012 70 75 73
2017 71 76 # 74
 TUỔI THỌ THEO GIỚI TÍNH 2017

Quôc gia TT chung TT Nữ TT Nam Sai biệt

Russia 70,8 76,8 65 11,8

Korea 82.3 85.5 78.8 6,7
Japan 83.7 86.8 80.5 6,3
Singapore 83.1 86.1 80.0 6,1
France 82.4 85.4 79.4 6
Viet Nam 74 76 71 5
2021
 T thọ TT TT Sai
Tên Quôc gia Hạng Hạng Hạng
chung Nữ Nam biệt

Japan 1 83.7 1 86.8 6 80.5 6,3

Switzerland 2 83.4 6 85.3 1 81.3 4

Singapore 3 83.1 2 86.1 10 80.0 6,1

Australia 4 82.8 7 84.8 3 80.9 3,9

Spain 4 82.8 3 85.5 9 80.1 5,4