Phoneme, Allophones,

Phonemic Analysis
1. Mareta Puspa Ratri
( 2201419074 )
2. Annisa Maharani ( 2201419080
)
3. Nabila Adinda Putri
( 2201419088)
 Phoneme
Definition :

Phoneme is any of the perceptually distinct

units of sound in a specified language that
distinguish one word from another, for
example p, b, d, and t in the English words
pad, pat, bad, and bat.
 The Characteristic in Phoneme

1. Articulated Differently
2. It Occurs in the same Environment
3. The Change affevt the meaning
4. Use Slash (/) as a symbol
Examples
See and Sea
Kiss and Kill
But and Bit
Pat and Pad
Pick and Pack
Cut and Cat
Pig and Pick
See and Bee
Pat and Bat
 Comparison
Here is a chart that compares phones and phonemes:
A Phone is
One of many possible sounds in the
languages of the world.
The smallest identifiable unit found in
a stream of speech.
Pronounced in a defined way.
Represented between brackets by
convention.
A phoneme is
A contrastive unit in the sound system
of a particular language.
A minimal unit that serves to
distinguish between meanings of
words.
Pronounced in one or more ways,
depending on the number of
allophones.
Represented between slashes by
convention.
 Definition:

An allophone is a phonetic variant of a

phoneme in a particular language. The other
definition is , allophones is a kind of
phoneme that changes its sound based on
how a word is spelled. Think of the letter t
and what kind of sound it makes in the word
"tar" compared with "stuff." It's pronounced
with a more forceful, clipped sound in the
first example than it is in the second.
ALLOPHONE
The Characteristic in Allophone :

1. Articulated differently
2. Never occurs in the same environment
3. Don't change the Meaning of word
4. Use as square bracket ([ ]) as a symbol
Examples
[Tʰ] : Tick > Aspirated
[T] : Stick > Non-Aspirated

Note : "The Aspirated" It means when we

pronounce a word we must pronounce with
exhalation of breath
Allophones Versus You can distinguish between allophones and
Phonemes phonemes by looking at the letter and
how it's being used. The letter p is
pronounced the same way in "pit" and
"keep," making it an allophone. But p
makes a different sound than s in "sip"
and "seep." In this instance, each
consonant has its own consistent
allophone, but they each produce
different sounds, making them unique
phonemes.
 Phonemic
Analysis

A phonemic analysis is a process that takes as its

input either a set of utterances, transcribed
phonetically or a speaker of a language, and
produces a set of symbols which represent distinct
phonemes.
A ‘classical’ phonemic analysis consists
of:

i. an inventory of phonemes
ii. a list of allophonic rules (including
allophones of course)
iii. a statement of phonotactics
(environments)
A phonemic analysis will reveal if the studied phonemes / allophones of the
particular language are in:
– complimentary distribution
– contrastive distribution
- free variation

> complimentary distribution: phonemes are said to be in complementary

distribution if they never occur in the same phonetic environment

> contrastive distribution: phonemes occur in the same phonetic environment

where the distinction in meaning is due to the particular phoneme (form
minimal pairs)

> free variation: phonemes are said to be in free variation if they do not affect
the meaning of the word
THANK YOU