Basic Mechanical Engineering

Unit IV IC Engines
PRINCIPLES OF ENGINE
OPERATION
Converts chemical energy into mechanical energy
Gasoline engine is an internal combustion engine
Gasoline must ignite easily and burn quickly
Energy produced by burning gasoline must be controlled

I SEM- BASIC MECHANICAL ENGINEERING-UNIT 2/S.NARAYANAN

GASOLINE MUST BE
ATOMIZED
The more surface area exposed to air, the more vapor will be given off
More vapor leads to faster burning
Gasoline must be atomized
Atomization
 Increased burning area
 Explosive release of heat energy

I SEM- BASIC MECHANICAL ENGINEERING-UNIT 2/S.NARAYANAN

ELEMENTARY ENGINE

I SEM- BASIC MECHANICAL ENGINEERING-UNIT 2/S.NARAYANAN

TWO- AND FOUR-STROKE
ENGINES
Engines identified by number of piston strokes required to complete one operating
cycle
Each stroke is either toward the rotating crankshaft or away from it
 Bottom dead center
 Top dead center

Strokes identified by job they perform

I SEM- BASIC MECHANICAL ENGINEERING-UNIT 2/S.NARAYANAN

FOUR-STROKE ENGINE
Four strokes needed to complete operating cycle
 Intake stroke
 Compression stroke
 Power stroke
 Exhaust stroke

Two strokes occur during each crankshaft revolution

Two crankshaft revolutions complete one operating cycle

I SEM- BASIC MECHANICAL ENGINEERING-UNIT 2/S.NARAYANAN

FOUR-STROKE ENGINE

I SEM- BASIC MECHANICAL ENGINEERING-UNIT 2/S.NARAYANAN

INTAKE STROKE
Piston travels downward
Volume of space above piston increases
 Creates partial vacuum

Intake valve open and exhaust valve

closed

I SEM- BASIC MECHANICAL ENGINEERING-UNIT 2/S.NARAYANAN

INTAKE STROKE
Atmospheric pressure forces air through carburetor, through intake valve port, and
into cylinder
Intake valve must open and close at the correct time
 Incoming air-fuel mixture cools valve during engine operation

I SEM- BASIC MECHANICAL ENGINEERING-UNIT 2/S.NARAYANAN

COMPRESSION STROKE
Piston moves upward
Both valves closed
Mixture is compressed
 Force of combustion is increased

I SEM- BASIC MECHANICAL ENGINEERING-UNIT 2/S.NARAYANAN

POWER STROKE
Both valves closed
Air-fuel mixture ignited
Burning action forces piston downward

I SEM- BASIC MECHANICAL ENGINEERING-UNIT 2/S.NARAYANAN

EXHAUST STROKE
Intake valve closed and exhaust valve
open
Rising piston pushes exhaust gases from
engine

I SEM- BASIC MECHANICAL ENGINEERING-UNIT 2/S.NARAYANAN

EXHAUST STROKE
Exhaust valve
 Allow a streamlined flow of exhaust gases
 Heat must be controlled

I SEM- BASIC MECHANICAL ENGINEERING-UNIT 2/S.NARAYANAN

FOUR-STROKE ENGINES
Valve Timing
 Measured in degrees of crankshaft rotation
 Varies with different engines
 Valve overlap

Lubrication
 Provided by oil in the crankcase
 Splash and pump systems
 Oil must be drained and replaced periodically

I SEM- BASIC MECHANICAL ENGINEERING-UNIT 2/S.NARAYANAN

TWO-STROKE ENGINE
Two strokes occur during each revolution of crankshaft
Advantages over four-stroke engine
 Simpler in design
 Smaller
 Lighter
 Adequate lubrication at extreme angles

I SEM- BASIC MECHANICAL ENGINEERING-UNIT 2/S.NARAYANAN

TWO-STROKE ENGINE
Cross-scavenged
 Contoured piston head prevents air-fuel charge from going out exhaust port
 Use reed valves or rotary valve

Loop-scavenged
 Flat or slightly domed piston head
 Transfer ports cause incoming air to swirl

I SEM- BASIC MECHANICAL ENGINEERING-UNIT 2/S.NARAYANAN