Portfolio

Aidarova Mirayya
 Themes
1 Type of question

2 Reported & direct speech

3 Passive voice

4 Adjectives

5 Essay structure

6 Tell, talk, speak,say

7 Info from cambridge book

Types of question

General question
A general question requires the
answer “yes” or “no” and is spoken
with a rising intonation. General
questions are formed by placing
part of the predicate (i.e. the
auxiliary or modal verb) before the
subject.
Alternative question
An alternative question
denotes choice and is spoken
with a rising intonation in the
first part and a falling
intonation in the second part.
It consists of two general
questions connected by
means of “or”, one of the
questions can be elliptical.
Special question
A special question begins with an
interrogative word or phrase
(Where…, How…, Why…, How
many…, What colour…, etc.) and is
spoken with a falling intonation. The
order of words is the same as in
general questions but the
interrogative word or phrase
precedes the auxiliary verb.
Tag question
A tag question
. requires the answer
“yes” or “no” and consists of two parts:
an affirmative statement followed by a
negative question or a negative
statement followed by an iffirmative
question. The first part is spoken with a
falling intonation, the second part –
with a rising intonation.
GENERAL QUESTION
EXAMPLES
Do you like playing tennis?
May I go out?
Have you been to America?
Is she hungry?
ALTERNATIVE QUESTION
EXAMPLE
Do you celebrate your birthday
with family or friends?
Does she like dancing or singing?
Would you like to eat cherries or
bananas?
SPECIAL QUESTION
EXAMPLE
Where are you from?
What color is this?
How is the weather today?
Whose pen is this?
TAG QUESTION EXAMPLE
He is a student, isn’t he? You
are not tired, are you?
They will come, won’t they?
She wasn’t there, was she?
 Reported speech
We often need to tell others what someone else said. There are two ways to do
this. One is to say the same words and use quotation marks. That is "direct
speech." The other method is to summarize, or tell about what someone said.
This is called "reported speech." Before we get into the rules
for reporting speech, here are the terms we are using to explain it.
Reported speech
What if someone asks To report a negative
So much for 'wh'
you to do something request, use 'not':
We use a reporting questions, we use 'if':
(in a polite way)? Direct speech:
verb like 'say' or 'tell'. Direct speech: Do you
Direct speech: Could Please don't be late.
Direct speech: I like like chocolate?
you close the window Reported speech:
ice cream. Reported Reported speech: She
please? She asked us not to
speech: She says she asked me if I liked
Reported speech: She be late.
likes ice cream. chocolate.
asked me to close the
window.
01 02 03 04 05

We don't need to The direct question is in When someone Now=then,at that time
change the tense, the present simple tells you very today=yesterday / that
though probably we tense. We make a directly to do smth day yesterday=the day
do need to change present simple question (order). before yesterday
the ‘person' from 'I' to with 'do' or 'does'. Then Direct speech: Sit last night=the night
'she', 'my' and 'your': change verb to past down! We just use before
Direct speech: I like simple. 'tell' instead of last week=the week
ice cream. Reported Direct speech: Where is 'ask': before / the previous
speech: She said she Julie? Reported speech: Reported speech: week
liked ice cream. She asked me where She told me to sit Tomorrow=today / the
Julie was. down. next day / the following
day
Passive voice
 When should we use the passive?
When we want to change
the focus of the sentence
The Mona Lisa was painted by
Leonardo Da Vinci. (We are
more interested in the
painting than the artist in this
sentence)
06
In factual or scientific
writing
The chemical is placed in a
test tube and the data
05
entered into the computer.
When who or what causes the
action is unknown or
unimportant or obvious or
'people in general
He was arrested (obvious
agent, the police).  My bike
has been stolen (unknown
agent).
In order to put the new information
at the end of the sentence to
improve style
Three books are used regularly in the
class. The books were written by Dr. Bell.
('Dr. Bell wrote the books' sound clumsy)
01
02
In formal writing instead of
using someone/ people/ they
The brochure will be finished next
month
03
04
When the subject is very
long
I was surprised by how well the students
did in the test. (More natural than: 'how
well the students did in the test surprised
me')
 1 2 3 4 5
PREFIX SUFFIX DEFINITION EXAMPLE ADDITIONAL INFO

dis- not/ opposite of dislike, distrust

in- Not inactive, insane
Pre- before preplan, pretest
Mis- bad or badly misread, misspell
De- reduce down deform, decrease
in- (il-, im-, ir-) not inability, impatient
-ful Full of beautiful, painful Usually an adjective
-less Without careless, helpless
-y characterized by/ cloudy, fishy
like
-ly characteristic of badly, friendly Usually an adverb
-able, -ible can be done enjoyable, sensible
-ish relating to/ childish, foolish Usually an adjective
characteristic
-ous, -ious,-eous full of/ adventurous, Usually an adjective
characterized by nervous
-ive , -itive ,-ative inclined/ tending active, sensitive
toward an action
 Essay tips Don’t start a sentence
with ‘And’, ‘Also’, ‘But’,
‘So’, ‘Or’, ‘Even so’. 
Instead use ‘In addition’,
‘However’, ‘Hence’,
‘Consequently’,
‘Alternatively’,
Use Strong verbs
‘Nevertheless’.
He made an
objection=he objected Avoid using A lot
She conducted an of/very/really/so You cannot have a
investigation=she paragraph that is
A lot of students=Many
investigated just one sentence.
students
A lot of water=Much water
Avoid using There
is/There are Passive and active voices
There are many issues that
students face at university
Healthcare reforms were
Students face many issues implemented by Obama
at university. Do not use Obama implemented
Contractions healthcare reforms.
Don’t=do not
Won’t=will not
 1 2 3 4

SAY TALK SPEAK TELL

To speak about To exchange To exchange To deliver information to

something , often information about information about someone.
reporting on what has something. (informal) something. (formal) We include an object e.g.
been said. Cannot be used to cover Can be used to cover Rosie told me she was
We do not include an languages. E.g. Georgie languages. E.g Georgie free this afternoon.
object e.g. Rosie said talks three languages speaks three language Does not require a second
she was free this fluently. fluently. person to engage with.
afternoon. Requires a second Requires a second E.g. I told you before that
Does not require a person to engage with. person to engage with. I am not interested in you
second person to E.g. We can talk about it E.g. Let’s speak about in that way.
engage with. more when you feel less the class rules again Mostly interchangeable
E.g. I said I wasn’t going angry. before we continue. with say.  The
swimming tonight. Mostly interchangeable Mostly interchangeable grammatical structure
Mostly interchangeable with speak.  The with talk.  The must be altered.
with tell.  The grammatical structure grammatical structure E.g. Richard told
grammatical structure needn’t be altered. needn’t be altered. me (that) he would be
must be altered. E.g. We will talk about E.g. We will speak late home tonight.
E.g. Richard said (that) the plans for our about the plans for our
he would be late home summer holiday when I summer holiday when I
tonight. next see you. next see you.
 Phrases with take
Take after Take back
To be similar to someone in Return something to the place you
appearance or character, bought it
especially a family member Admitting something you
said/thought was wrong
Take apart Take off
Take something apart or separate Leave the ground (an airplane, bird)
something into its different parts To become successful or popular very
Showing the weakness of an suddenly
argument or an idea To remove a piece of clothing
Take in
Take for Allow someone to stay in your
To believe something about house/country
somebody, often wrongly Deceived by something/someone
To pay attention to, understand something
Take away Take down
To remove something Reach up and get something from a high
To subtract a number or amount place
To buy food from a restaurant and eat it elsewhere To dismantle a structure
To reduce the positive effect of something To write down a piece of information
Bring someone from their home to an institution To humble or humiliate someone, to
lower/reduce in power
 Compounds beginnig with self
Self-centred
only interested
in yourself and Self-confidence
the belief that you can Self-employed
your own activi
ties do things well and that not working but findi
other people respect  ng work for yourself
you having your own busi
Self-defence
protection of yourself, ness
either by fighting
or discussion

Self-discipline
the ability to make
Self-catering yourself do things
having cooking facilities you know you should
 available so that you do even when you do
can cook meals for not want to
yourself rather than
having
them provided for you
Thanks for
attention