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ABACUS
4th Century B.C.

The abacus, a simple counting aid,

may have been invented in Babylonia
(now Iraq) in the fourth century B.C.
This device allows users to make
computations using a system of sliding
beads arranged on a rack.
Considered the first computer

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First Computer

ABACUS

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 BLAISE PASCAL
(1623 - 1662)
 In 1642, the French mathematician and
philosopher Blaise Pascal invented a
calculating device that would come to be
called the "Adding Machine".
One of the first and earliest mechanical
devices used for calculating was the Pascaline

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 BLAISE PASCAL
(1623 - 1662)
 Originally called a "numerical wheel
calculator" or the "Pascaline", Pascal's
invention utilized a train of 8 moveable dials or
cogs to add sums of up to 8 figures long. As one
dial turned 10 notches - or a complete
revolution - it mechanically turned the next
dial.
Pascal's mechanical Adding Machine
automated the process of calculation. Although
slow by modern standards, this machine did
provide a fair degree of accuracy and speed.
Only performed addition, Matiste
not multiplication
2015
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or division
 Blaise Pascal

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 Gottfried Wilhelm von
Leibniz

The stepped reckoner

Supposed to be able to add,
subtract, multiply, divide and
calculate square roots
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**Device never worked properly
CHARLES BABBAGE
(1791 - 1871)
 Born in 1791, Charles Babbage was
an English mathematician and
professor.
 In 1822, he persuaded the British
government to finance his design to
build a machine that would calculate
tables for logarithms. Called the
“Difference Engine.”
Device was to calculate numbers to
20th place and print them at 4 digits per
minute.
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With Charles Babbage's creation of

Charles Babbage
1822 Babbage's Difference
Engine

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 Analytical Engine
• 1833
• Used to perform a variety of
calculations by following a set of
instructions or programs stored on
punch cards
• Machine only designed but never
built

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Joseph Jacquard

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 Charles Babbage
Considered the “Father of Computers”

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Pfahler 2008
 First Computer
Programmer

Ada Byron, Countess of Lovelace

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 U.S. Census
• Done every 10 years
• Process done by hand in 19th century
• Took 10 years to complete UNTIL

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Herman Hollerith

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Hollerith’s Punch Card

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Tabulating Machine

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 Tabulating Machine
• Used electricity rather than mechanical gears
• Holes representing information to be tabulated
were punched in cards
• The location of each hole represented a specific
piece of information (male vs. female)
• Cards inserted into the machine and metal pins
used to open and close electrical circuts
• If the circuit was closed, a computation was
increased by one

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 Population Count
• Now took only 6 weeks to count 63 million

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Tabulating Machine Company

International Matiste
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Machines
HOWARD AIKEN
(1900 - 1973)
 Aiken thought he could create a modern
and functioning model of Babbage's
Analytical Engine.
He succeeded in securing a grant of 1
million dollars for his proposed Automatic
Sequence Calculator; the Mark I for short.
From IBM.
In 1944, the Mark I was "switched" on.
Aiken's colossal machine spanned 51 feet
in length and 8 feet in height. 500 meters of
wiring were required to connect each
component. Pfahler 2008
HOWARD AIKEN
(1900 - 1973)

 The Mark I did transform Babbage's

dream into reality and did succeed in
putting IBM's name on the forefront of the
computer industry. From 1944 on, modern
computers would forever be associated
with digital intelligence.

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Howard Aiken

Mark I Pfahler 2008

Mark I Calculator

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 1939-1942
• First electronic computer built by
John Atanasoff and Clifford Berry
• Computer used binary number
system of 1 and 0
• Binary system is still used today

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 ENIAC - 1946

 Electronic Numerical Integrator And

Computer
a machine that computed at speeds 1,000
times faster than the Mark I was capable
of only 2 years earlier.
Using 18,00-19,000 vacuum tubes, 70,000
resistors and 5 million soldered joints this
massive instrument required the output of
a small power station to operate it.

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ENIAC

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ENIAC
1943-1946

 It could do nuclear physics calculations

(in two hours) which it would have taken
100 engineers a year to do by hand.
The system's program could be changed
by rewiring a panel.
Weighed 30 tons and was 1500 square
feet (average area of a 3 bedroom house

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ENIAC
1946

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 Computer
• An electronic machine accepts data, processes it
according to instructions and provides the results
as new data
• Can make simple decisions and comparisons

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 Program
• List of instructions written in a special
language that the computer understands

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Vacuum Tubes

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 1930’s – 1940’s
• Alan Turning developed “Universal
Machine”
• He envisioned a computer that could
perform any different tasks by simply
changing a program rather than by
changing electronic components

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 1945 – John Von Newmann
• Developed stored programs concept
• Program would be stored in CPU or
Central Processing Unit

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TRANSISTOR
1947

 In the laboratories of Bell Telephone,

John Bardeen, Walter Brattain and
William Shockley discovered the "transfer
resistor"; later labeled the transistor.
Advantages:
increased reliability
consumed 1/20 of the electricity of vacuum
tubes
were a fraction of the cost
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TRANSISTOR
1947

 This tiny device had a huge impact on

and extensive implications for modern
computers. In 1956, the transistor won its
creators the Noble Peace Prize for their
invention.

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Transistor

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Transistor Radio

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First Computer Bug

Grace Hopper
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ALTAIR
1975

 The invention of the transistor made

computers smaller, cheaper and more
reliable. Therefore, the stage was set for
the entrance of the computer into the
domestic realm. In 1975, the age of
personal computers commenced.
Under the leadership of Ed Roberts the
Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry
Company (MITS) wanted to design a
computer 'kit' for the home hobbyist.

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1970 John Huff

• Transistors were replaced by integrated

circuits or chips, giving computers
tremendous speed to process information
at a rate of millions of calculations per
second.
• In 1970 John Huff invented the
microprocessor, an entire CPU on a single
chip. This allowed for the building of a
microcomputer or personal computer.

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ALTAIR
1975

 Based on the Intel 8080 processor,

capable of controlling 64 kilobyes of
memory, the MITS Altair - as the invention
was later called - was debuted on the cover
of the January edition of Popular
Electronics magazine.
Presenting the Altair as an unassembled
kit kept costs to a minimum. Therefore, the
company was able to offer this model for
only $395. Supply could not keep up with
demand.
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ALTAIR
1975

 ALTAIR FACTS:
No Keyboard
No Video Display
No Storage Device

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IBM (PC)
1981

 On August 12, 1981 IBM announced its

own personal computer.
Using the 16 bit Intel 8088
microprocessor, allowed for increased
speed and huge amounts of memory.
Unlike the Altair that was sold as
unassembled computer kits, IBM sold its
"ready-made" machine through retailers
and by qualified salespeople.

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IBM (PC)
1981

 To satisfy consumer appetites and to

increase usability, IBM gave prototype
IBM PCs to a number of major software
companies.
For the first time, small companies and
individuals who never would have
imagined owning a "personal" computer
were now opened to the computer world.

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 MACINTOSH
(1984)
 IBM's major competitor was a company
lead by Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs; the
Apple Computer Inc.
The "Lisa" was the result of their
competitive thrust.
This system differed from its
predecessors in its use of a "mouse" - then
a quite foreign computer instrument - in
lieu of manually typing commands.
However, the outrageous price of the Lisa
kept it out of reach for many computer
buyers.
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MACINTOSH
(1984)

 Apple's brainchild was the Macintosh.

Like the Lisa, the Macintosh too would
make use of a graphical user interface.
Introduced in January 1984 it was an
immediate success.
The GUI (Graphical User Interface)
made the system easy to use.

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MACINTOSH
(1984)

 The Apple Macintosh debuts in 1984. It

features a simple, graphical interface, uses
the 8-MHz, 32-bit Motorola 68000 CPU,
and has a built-in 9-inch B/W screen.
 Cost $2,495

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