SOLID MECHANICS II

BMCG 3113

Plastic Deformation
 Plastic Deformation

 Plastic deformations under pure bending.

 Members made of an elastoplastic material

and residual stresses under pure bending.
Plastic Deformations under Pure Bending

Linear normal-strain distribution

• Based on geometric considerations, it was shown
in Solid I that normal strains that develop in the
material always vary linearly from zero at neutral
axis of x-section to a maximum at the farthest point
from the neutral axis.
y
 x   m
c

Resultant force equals zero

• Since there is only a resultant internal moment acting on the x-section,
resultant force caused by stress distribution must be equal to zero.

FR =  Fx; ∫A  dA = 0
 Plastic Deformations under Pure Bending

Resultant Moment
• Resultant moment at section must be equivalent to moment caused
by the stress distribution about the neutral axis.
(MR)z =  Mz; M = ∫A y ( dA)

• If the member is made of a linearly elastic material, the neutral axis

passes through the section centroid,
My
x  
I
Plastic Deformations under Pure Bending
Rectangular beam made of an elastoplastic material
• If bending moment applied in the elastic range,

M max c
 x  Y :  x 
I
I
M max   x
c

• When the bending moment reach the maximum elastic

moment,

MY c
 x  Y : Y 
I
I
MY  Y
c
(maximum elastic moment)
Plastic Deformations under Pure Bending
• If the moment is increased beyond the maximum elastic moment,
plastic zones develop around an elastic core.
 y 2

M  32 M Y 1  13 Y2  yY  half thickness of elastic core
 c 
Plastic Deformations under Pure Bending
• As the moment is increased further, the elastic core thickness goes to
zero, corresponding to a fully plastic deformation.

M p  32 M Y  plastic moment

Note: The value is unique only for the rectangular section shown above,
since analysis depends on geometry of the x-section.
Plastic Deformations under Pure Bending

Shape factor
• Beams used in steel buildings are sometimes designed to
resist a plastic moment. The codes usually list a design
property called the shape factor depend on the cross-section
shape:

k = MP/MY

• The k-value specifies the additional moment capacity a

beam can support beyond its maximum elastic moment.
Plastic deformations of members with a
single plane of symmetry
• Fully plastic deformation of a beam with only a
vertical plane of symmetry.
• The neutral axis cannot be assumed to pass
through the section centroid.

• Resultants R1 and R2 of the elementary

compressive and tensile forces form a couple.
R1  R2
A1 Y  A2 Y

The neutral axis divides the section into equal

areas.

• The plastic moment for the member,

M p  12 A Y d
Plastic Deformations under Pure Bending

Example 1:

A bar having the cross section shown is made of steel that is

assumed to be elastoplastic with E = 200 GPa and Y = 330
MPa. Determine the bending moment M at which
(a) yield first occurs
(b) the plastic zone at the top and bottom are 2 mm thick
Plastic Deformations under Pure Bending

Solution:
Plastic Deformations under Pure Bending

Example 2:

A beam of cross section shown is made of a steel that is

assumed to be elastoplastic with E = 200 GPa and Y = 240
MPa. Determine:
(a) Fully plastic moment
(b) Shape factor of the cross section
Plastic Deformations under Pure Bending
Solution:
Plastic Deformations under Pure Bending
Plastic Deformations under Pure Bending

Example 3:
Plastic Deformations under Pure Bending

Solution:
 Residual Stress

• Like the case for torsion, residual stress is important when considering
fatigue and other types of mechanical behavior.

• A method is developed here to determine residual stress for a member

subjected to bending is the same as for torsion.

• Residual stresses are obtained by applying the principle of

superposition to combine the stresses due to loading with a moment M
(elastoplastic deformation) and unloading with a moment -M (elastic
deformation).
 Residual Stress

• The final value of stress at a point will not, in general,

be zero.
 Residual Stress

Example 4:

For the beam indicated, a couple of moment equal to the

fully plastic moment MP is applied the removed. Using E
= 200 GPa and Y = 240 MPa, determine the residual
stress at y = 45 mm.
 Residual Stress
Solution:
Residual Stress
 Plastic Deformations
For any member subjected to pure bending
y
 x   m strain varies linearly across the section
c
If the member is made of a linearly elastic material, the
neutral axis passes through the section centroid
My
and x  
I
For a material with a nonlinear stress-strain curve, the
neutral axis location is found by satisfying
Fx    x dA  0 M    y x dA

For a member with vertical and horizontal planes of

symmetry and a material with the same tensile and
compressive stress-strain relationship, the neutral
axis is located at the section centroid and the stress-
strain relationship may be used to map the strain
distribution from the stress distribution.
4- 22
 Plastic Deformations
When the maximum stress is equal to the ultimate
strength of the material, failure occurs and the
corresponding moment MU is referred to as the
ultimate bending moment.

The modulus of rupture in bending, RB, is found from

an experimentally determined value of MU and a
fictitious linear stress distribution.
MU c
RB 
I

RB may be used to determine MU of any member

made of the same material and with the same
cross sectional shape but different dimensions.

4- 23
Members Made of an Elastoplastic Material
Rectangular beam made of an elastoplastic material
Mc
 x  Y m 
I
I
 m  Y M Y   Y  maximum elastic moment
c
If the moment is increased beyond the maximum elastic
moment, plastic zones develop around an elastic
core.
 2
M  3 M 1  1 yY yY  elastic core half - thickness
2 Y
 c 
3 2

In the limit as the moment is increased further, the elastic

core thickness goes to zero, corresponding to a fully
plastic deformation.
M p  32 M Y  plastic moment
Mp
k  shape factor (depends only on cross section shape)
MY
4- 24
Example 1
Example 2
Example 3
Example 4
 Exercise 1
Page 256
Solution 1
Exercise 2
Page 256
Solution 2