ME 231 THERMODYNAMICS 1

LEC 1
THERMODYNAMIC SYSTEMS AND
WORKING SUBSTANCE
COVERAGE
01 Definition of Thermodynamics

02 Some Applications of thermodynamics

03 Principles involved in thermodynamics

04 Approaches in the study of thermodynamics

05 Thermodynamic Systems and Surroundings

06 Working Substance
DEFINITION OF THERMODYNAMICS
Thermodynamics is the science that is devoted to
understanding energy in all its forms, such as mechanical,
electrical, chemical, and how energy changes forms, e.g. the
transformation of chemical energy into thermal energy, for
instance.

Thermodynamics is derived from the Greek words therme,

meaning heat, and dynamis, meaning strength, particularly
applied to motion. Literally, thermodynamics means "heat
strength," implying such things as the heat liberated by the
burning of wood, coal, or oil.
 Realities of the 21 Century st

declining supplies of
1st energy resources burgeoning
effects of global
3st population
2st climate change
How does thermodynamics come into play?
Using fossil fuels
more effectively 1 3
Advancing renewable
energy technologies
2 4
Developing more
energy-efficient
transportation systems,
buildings, and
industrial practices.
Mitigating global
climate change, air
pollution, and water
pollution.
Selected areas of Application of Thermodynamics
1. Aircraft and rocket propulsion
2. Alternative energy systems
Fuel cells
Geothermal systems
Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) converters
Ocean thermal, wave, and tidal power
Solar-activated heating, cooling, and power
Thermoelectric and thermionic devices
Wind turbines
3. Automobile engines
4. Bioengineering applications
5. Biomedical applications
6. Combustion systems
7. Compressors, pumps
8. Cooling of electronic equipment
9. Cryogenic systems, gas separation, and
liquefaction
10. Fossil and nuclear-fueled power stations
11. Heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning
systems (HVAC)
12. Absorption refrigeration and heat pumps
13. Vapor-compression refrigeration and heat
pumps
14. Steam and gas turbines
15. Power production
16. Propulsion
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Major Principles involved
in Thermodynamics
First Law of
Thermodynamics

Second Law of
Thermodynamics

Third Law of
Thermodynamics

Zeroth Law of
Thermodynamics
Approaches in the study of thermodynamics

Classical
Thermodynamics Thermodynamics
Also known as
macroscopic
approach, allows
important aspects of
system behavior to
be evaluated
from observations of
the overall system.
Statistical
Also known as microscopic
approach. Characterized by
statistical means the average
behavior of the particles
making up a system of
interest and relate this
information to the observed
macroscopic behavior of the
system.
Thermodynamic Systems
and surroundings

The system is whatever The surrounding is the

we want to study. A region outside the
collection of matter under boundary or the space
consideration enclosed and matter external to
within a boundary the system
Thermodynamic Systems
and surroundings
Thermodynamic Systems
and surroundings Isolated System
A special type of closed
system that does not
Closed interact in any way
System
with its surroundings.
Closed System
No mass or energy
Also known as fixed flow.
mass, a closed
system is defined when Open System
there can be no
transfer of mass
Isolated
System
Open
System
The region is also
across its boundary. called a control
Example: compressor volume. Mass crosses
the boundary of a
control volume.
Example: Turbine
Closed System
Open System
Working Substance
The first consideration in dealing with thermodynamic systems is that
there must be something performing the energy transformation.
This something is a substance.

This substance in the family automobile engine is usually the mixture

of gasoline and air. In a steam turbine the substance is probably the
steam. The substance may be a solid, liquid, vapor, or a mixture.

Subcategories:
Pure Substance – Oxygen, Nitrogen, Helium, Hydrogen, etc.
Mixtures – Air
 Thank You Next lecture:
Properties and State of a Substance