Computer Arts and Technological College, Inc.

Balintawak St., Albay District, Legazpi City

S.Y.2021-2022

ORIGIN OF
COMPUTER
Khristine A. Botin
Learning Objectives
Understand how the
computers have evolved
within a very short span,
from very huge machines
of the past, to very
compact designs of the
present with tremendous
advances in technology.
Learning Objectives
Identify the invented
machines in every era.
Learning Objectives
Identify who are the major
contributors of the
development of machines
Learning Objectives
Explain the evolution of
programming languages
HISTORY OF
COMPUTERS
History of Computers
1613

“computer” was first use.

computer on this time refers to a person who
carried out calculations, or computations.
Tally sticks

It was an ancient memory

aid device to record and
document numbers,
quantities, or even
messages.
Have you ever wondered
how this interconnected
world of us got connected
before?
● Pre-Mechanical Age
● Mechanical Age
● Electromechanical Computers
● Electronics Era
PRE-MECHANICAL
AGE
History of Information Technology
Pre-Mechanical Age

It was defined between 3000 B.C and 1450

A..D.

Counting was done only through fingers, to

pebbles, to hash marks on walls, to hash
marks on bone, to hash marks in sand.
Pre-mechanical
counting tables
A typical
computer
operation back
when
computers
were human.
Petroglyphs is
the first
communication
of humans
through the
use of simple
pictures
This are rock
carvings made
by pecking
directly on the
rock surface
using a stone
chisel and a
hammerstone.
It was used to
tell a story,
terrain maps,
or keep
accounts such
as how
animals one
owned, etc.
MECHANICAL AGE
Mechanical Age
This was the first start to see connections
between our current technology and its
ancestors.

It was defined between 1450 and 1840.

Abacus
It was the first early
aid used to compute
mathematics or
perform arithmetic
operations.
Abacus
This was invented in
Babylonia in 2400 B.C.
this was first used in
China in around 300
B.C.
Abacus
A skilled abacus operator
can work on addition and
subtraction problems at the
speed of a person with a
hand calculator.
Multiplication and division
are slower to perform.
Abacus
“counting frame” with beads
moving on threads for
calculations.
Abacus
A modern abacus consists
of rings that slide over rods.
the word “calculus” comes
from the Latin word for
pebble.
Abacus
This is an example of a
more modern abacus.
You may notice that abacus
is just a representation of
the human fingers: the 5
lower rings on each rod
represent the 5 fingers and
the 2 upper rings represent
the 2 hands.
Napier’s Bones (1614)
‘Napier’s bones’ is an
abacus-like device used for
calculations including
multiplication and division.
Napier’s Bones (1614)
It was invented by John
Napier in 1614.
He discovered that the
multiplication and division of
numbers could be
performed by the addition
and subtraction.
Napier’s Bones (1614)
This allowed the operator to
multiply, divide and calculate
square and cube roots by
moving the rods around and
playing them in specially
constructed boards.
Example: log2x=5
Napier’s Bones (1614)
The magic ingredient is the
logarithm of each operand
which was originally
obtained from a printed
table.
Napier’s Bones (1614)
Napier also invented an
alternative to tables, where
the logarithm values were
carved on ivory sticks which
are now called Napier’s
Bones.
Slide Rule (1621-23)
Slide Rule was invented
based on the Napier ideas
about logarithms.
It used primarily for
multiplication, division,
roots, logarithms,
trigonometry.
Slide Rule (1621-23)
It was invented by William
Oughtred in 1622 .
Was first build in England.
But is not normally used for
addition or subtraction. It
was still used by NASA
engineers until the year
1632.
Schickard’s Calculating Clock
It was the first gear-driven
calculating machine.
It was invented by German
professor named Wilhem
Schikard in 1623.
Pascal’s Pascaline
It was invented by Blaise
Pascal in 1642. She was
just 19 years old then.
Pascaline was invented to
solve the problem of his
father who happened to be
a tax collector.
Stepped Reckoner
It is a four-function
calculator

Built by Gottfried Willhelm

Leibniz and his co-inventor
Newton of Calculus.
Stepped Reckoner
It is called “stepped
reckoner” because it
employed fluted drums
having ten flutes arranged
around their circumference
in a stair-step fashion
instead of gears.
Stepped Reckoner
Although, the stepped
reckoner was employed with
decimal number system,
Leibniz was the first to
advocate the use of binary
number system.
Stepped Reckoner
Binary number system
which serves as the
fundamental of modern
computers operation. The
machine can add, subtract,
multiply and divide
automatically.
Jacquard’s Loom

Joseph Marie Jacquard

invented a power loom that
could base in weave upon a
pattern automatically read
from punched wooden
cards, which is arranged
together in a long row by
rope.
Jacquard’s Loom

The Jacquard Loom is a

mechanical loom. It is an
automatic loom controlled
by punched cards.
Arithmometer

This is a mechanical
calculator invented by
Thomas de Colmar in 1820.
Arithmometer

This was the first reliable,

useful and commercially
successful calculating
machine. T
Arithmometer

This machine could perform

four basic mathematical
functions and it was the first
mass-produced calculating
machine
Babbage’s Engine (Difference Engine)
● 1822
● Charles Babbage
proposed a steam driven
calculating machine
which is the same as the
size of a room, which he
called the Difference
Engine.
Babbage’s Engine
● This machine compute
tables of numbers, such
as logarithm tables.
Babbage’s Engine
It was promoted and
supported by the British
government but later on, it
commits a 1000 numerical
errors and the construction
of the Babbage’s machine
proved exceedingly difficult.
Analytic Engine
● 1834
● Charles Babbage
● This device is as large as
a house and powered by
6 steam engines, it is
programmable which
gives an advantage in
nature.
Analytic Engine

● Jacquard technology was

a big part of the
development.
In Jacquard loom, the presence and absence of
each hole in the card physically allows a colored
thread to pass or stops that thread. Babbage get
an idea about this and think that the holes could
be used to represent an abstract idea such as a
problem statement or the raw data required for
the problem’s solution.
Babbage realized that
punched paper could be
employed as a storage
mechanism, which will
hold computed numbers
for future reference.
Babbage decided to call
the two main parts of his
Analytic Engine as the
“Store” and the “Mill” as
both term are commonly
used in weaving industry.
The store was where numbers were held and
the Mill was where they were “woven” intro
results.

In our modern computer, these parts are called

the memory unit and central processing unit
(CPU)
Analytic Engine
The Analytic Engine also had a key function that
distinguisher computers from calculators; the
conditional statement.
A conditional statement allows a program to
achieve different results each time it run. The
executed output text will depend upon the condition
or situation given the moment program is running.
You have probably observed that a modern stoplight at an
intersection between a busy street and a less busy street will leave
the green light on the busy street until a car approaches on the less
busy street. This type of street light is controlled by a computer
program that can sense the approach of cars on the less busy
street.
That moment when the light changes from green to red is not fixed
in the program but rather varies with each traffic situation. The
conditional statement in the stoplight program would be something
like, "if a car approaches on the less busy street and the busier
street has already enjoyed the green light for at least a minute then
move the green light to the less busy street".
The conditional statement also allows a program to react to the
results of its own calculations. An example would be the program
that the I.R.S uses to detect tax fraud. This program first computes
a person's tax liability and then decides whether to alert the police
based upon how that person's tax payments compare to his
obligations.
First Computer Programmer
● Augusta Ada Byron
● the daughter of the famous
poet Lord Byron was
fascinated by Babbage’s
ideas thru letters and
meetings with Babbage she
has learned enough about
the design of the Analytic
First Computer Programmer
● She then learned and wrote a
series of “Notes” for which
the content are detailed
instructions for the Analytic
Engine.
First Computer Programmer
● The Analytic Engine
remained unbuilt but Ada
earned her spot in history as
the first computer
programmer.
First Computer Programmer
She invented the subroutine
and was the first to recognize
the importance of looping.
Babbage went on and invented the modern postal
system, cow catchers on trains, and the
ophthalmoscope, which is still used today to treat the
eye.
ELECTROMECHANICAL
COMPUTERS
Electromechanical Computers
● This era was the beginning of telecommunications.
● 1840-1940
● There are several revolutionary technologies were
invented in this period and all these technologies
serve as the stepping stones towards modern
information technology systems.
Scheutzian Calculation Engine
● the first printing calculator
● invented by Per Georg
Scheutz in 1843.
● This engine was also based
on Charles Babbage’s
difference engine.
Tabulating Machine
Invented by Herman
Hollerith in 1890.
The purpose of this machine
is to assist summarizing
information and
accounting.
Havard Mark 1
● Havard Mark 1 was also the
first electro-mechanical
computer.
● It is also known as IBM
Automatic Sequence
Controlled Calculator
(ASCC). It was invented by
Howard H. Aiken in 1943.
Z1
● Z1 was the first
programmable computer
in the history
● Created by Konrad Zuse in
Germany from 1936 to
1938.
Anatasoff-Berry Computer (ABC)
● The first digital computing
device.
● It was invented by Professor
John Atanasoff and his
student Clifford Berry at
Iowa State University
between 1939 and 1942
ENIAC (Electronic Numerical
Integrator and Computer)
● It was the first electronic
general-purpose
computer.
● 1946
● John Presper Eckert and
John W. Mauchl
UNIVAC 1 (Universal Automatic
Computer 1)
● It was the first commercial
computer.
● It was designed by
J.Presper Eckert and John
Mauchly
EDVAC (Electronic Discrete
Variable Automatic Computer)
● The first stored program
computer
● Designed by Von Neumann
● 1952
● It has a memory to hold
both a stored program as
well as data.
Osborne 1

● The first portable computer.

● released in 1981
● Osborne Computer
Corporation
First Computer Company

● The first company was the

Electronic Controls
Company.
● Founded in 1949 by
J.Presper Eckert and
John Mauchly.
ELECTRONICS ERA
Electronics Era

The machines in this era used electronic switches in

the form of vacuum tubes instead of electromechanical
relays as seen in the previous era.
Electronics Era
In the principle of electronic switches, it would more
reliable since it doesn’t have moving parts that would be
broken up.
Electronics Era
The major advantage of electronic switches was that
they could ‘open’ and ‘close’ thousands of times faster
than relays.
Computer Generations
There are five generations of computer:
· First generation - 1946 - 1958
· Second generation – 1959 - 1964
· Third generation – 1965 - 1970
· Fourth generation – 1971 - today
· Fifth generation – Today to future
THE FIRST GENERATION
The First Generation
● Uses vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic
drums for memory.
● They were every expensive to operate and in
addition of using a great deal of electricity, a lot of
heat were generated which was cause of
malfunctions.
The First Generation
The first generation were dependent on machine
language the lowest-level programming language
understood by computers, used to perform operations,
and could only solve one problem at a time.
The First Generation
Input was based on punched cards and paper tape, and
output was displayed on printouts.
THE SECOND GENERATION
The Second Generation
This generation introduced
the transistors which serve
as the replacement to
vacuum tubes.
The Second Generation
This allows computers to
become smaller, faster,
cheaper, more energy-
efficient and more reliable.
The Second Generation
One disadvantage of this is
the generated heat that can
damage the computer.
The Second Generation
Second-generation computers
moved from cryptic binary
machine language to symbolic,
or assembly, languages, which
allowed programmers to specify
instructions in words.
The Second Generation

This generation still relied on

punched cards for input and
printouts for output.
The Second Generation
These were the first
computers that stored
their instructions in their
memory, which moved from
a magnetic drum to
magnetic core technology.
THE THIRD GENERATION
The Third Generation
Integrated circuit was
developed on the third
generation of computers.
The Third Generation
Transistors were
miniaturized and placed on
silicon chips, called
semiconductor. It hugely
increased the speed and
efficiency of computers.
The Third Generation
Semiconductor is much
smaller and cheaper
compare to the second
generation computers. In a
range of only billionths of a
second, it could carry out
instructions.
The Third Generation
On this generation, users interacted with computers
through keyboards and monitors and interfaced with an
operating system, which allowed the device to run
many different applications at one time with a central
program that monitored the memory.
The Third Generation
For the first time, computers became accessible to a
mass audience because they were smaller and cheaper
than their predecessors.
THE FOURTH GENERATION
The Fourth Generation
Thousands of integrated circuits were built onto a single
silicon chip that brought microprocessor on the fourth
generation of computers.
The Fourth Generation
As these small computers became more powerful, they
could be linked together to form networks, which
eventually led to the development of the internet. The
development of GUIs were also done on this generation
including the mouse and handheld devices.
THE FIFTH GENERATION
The Fifth Generation
The fifth generation was
based on Artificial
Intelligence (AI).
The Fifth Generation
The use of parallel
processing and
superconductors is helping
to make artificial intelligence a
reality.
The Fifth Generation
The goal is to develop devices that respond to natural
language input and are capable of learning and self-
organization.
Natural language processing (NLP)
is a branch of artificial intelligence
that helps computers understand,
interpret and manipulate human
language.
The Fifth Generation
Voice recognition is an example of this application and
still being used today.
“The easiest way to tell the difference between hardware
and software is to kick it. If it hurts your toe, it’s
hardware.” – Carl Farrell