ECS556

STRUCTURE ANALYSIS

Ts. Dr. AK Thevaneyan

T1-L13-6A
tkrishta@gmail.com
0174614088/0146367573(WA)

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LESSON PLAN (FEB 2019 – JULAI 2019)

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COURSE DESCRIPTION
This course deals with analysis of forces and deformations in statically determinate and
indeterminate structures using where appropriate virtual work, moment-distribution, stiffness
and flexibility, and approximate methods.
 
COURSE OUTCOMES (CO)
At the end of this course, the students should be able to:-
apply virtual work in deformation analysis of common skeletal structures. (CO1)
apply equilibrium and compatibility principles in structural analysis of common statically
indeterminate skeletal structures. (CO2)
 
PROGRAM OUTCOMES (PO)
1. Analyze civil engineering problems by applying first principles of engineering sciences and
virtual work in deformation analysis of common skeletal structures. (PO2)
2. Create solution to determine the reactions, internal forces and deformations of common and
complex statically determinate and indeterminate skeletal structures with the application of
equilibrium and compatibility principles. (PO5)

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 Chapter 2 – Flexibility Method
Introduction to flexibility method
Use of consistent deformations and virtual work in developing governing flexibility
Lecture &
6 equations. 3
Exercise
Calculation of forces and deformations in statically indeterminate trusses (with or
without support settlement)
Trusses having fabrication error and temperature change.
Chapter 2 – Flexibility Method
Calculation of forces and deformations in statically indeterminate beams (caused Lecture &
6-7 by member loads and with or without support settlement/displacement) 3
Exercise

Chapter 2 – Flexibility Method

Calculation of forces and deformations in statically indeterminate frames (of Lecture &
7-8 3
straight and curved members) and arches. Exercise
Chapter 2 - Flexibility Method
Lecture &
8 Calculation of forces and deformations in statically indeterminate composite 3
Exercise
structures.
8 COMMON TEST    
Chapter 3 - Stiffness Method
Assembly of member stiffness into structure stiffness.
Calculation of equivalent nodal loads from end forces in restrained members due
9 3 Lecture
to member loads, end displacements.
Determination of deformations and member end forces in beams and support
reactions.

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E-LEARNING (i-learn)
 All the lecture notes & hands on can be downloaded from i-learn.
Students should get ready the hard copies of lecturer note prior to the lecture.
All the announcements or notices will be posted on i-learn, students should alert and aware from time to
time.
Students are encouraged to collaborate / discuss the problem/opinion/idea in understanding the
lectures or in solving the exercises/assignments in i-learn forum.
 
RECOMMENDED TEXT
1.Hibbeler R.C, (2009), Structural Analysis, S.I. 7th Edition, Prentice Hall, Singapore.
2.Siti H. H., Goh C. H., Lee S. W., Flexibility Method for Structures, UPENA, UiTM Malaysia.
3.Goh C. H., Yong C. B., Lee S. W., Mohd Raizamzamani M.Z., Oh C. L., Problem and Solution on Stiffness
method for Structures, UPENA, UiTM Malaysia.
  
REFERENCES
1.Aslam Kassimali (2005), Structural Analysis, 2nd Edition, Thomson.
2.Nelson J.K, McCormac J.C, (2003), Structural Analysis, 3rd Edition, John Wiley and Sons.
3.A.Ghali, A. M. Neville, T. G. Brown, (2003), Structural Analysis: A Unified Classical and Matrix Approach,
5th Edition, SPON Press, NY.
4.Hsieh, Y. Y. (1995), Elementary Theory of Structures, Prentice Hall.

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 Last Semester
Shortcomings identified

1. Wrong application of concepts

2. Students' weak basic and fundamentals
3. Misinterpretation of questions asked and
their lackadaisical approach to their studies

Therefore:
READ
REVISE
RETENTION
Or else you will
REPEAT
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 DO YOU KNOW?
• How to determine internal forces for truss
members?
members
• What are the methods used to determine internal
forces for a truss?
• How to determine the reactions for any structural
system (i.e. beam, frame, truss & composite
structure)
structure for a given loading condition?
• What is the differences between Statically
determinate and Statically indeterminate
structure?
• What is degree of indeterminacy?
indeterminacy
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 Test your knowledge

1. Find the internal forces for members 8 kN

AB, AC and BC using an appropriate method

2. Determine the reactions at support A and B

for the overhanging beam subjected to the
loading as shown

3. Draw the SFD and BMD for the beam in Figure 3

Figure 3
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 STRUCTURAL SYSTEM

LEARNING OUTCOME:

By completing this lesson, students shall be able to:

1.0 identify structural systems, determinate and
indeterminate structures
2.0 determine the degree of indeterminacy of a
structure.

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 Introduction
• What is statically DETERMINATE structure?
– When all the forces (reactions) in a structure can be determined from
the equilibrium equations its called statically determinate structure
– Structure having unknown forces equal to the available equilibrium
equations

No. of unknown = 3 No. of unknown = 6

No. of equilibrium equations = 3 No. of equilibrium equations = 6
3 = 3 thus statically determinate 6 = 6 thus statically determinate

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 Introduction
• What is statically INETERMINATED structure
– Structure having more unknown forces than available equilibrium
equations
– Additional equations needed to solve the unknown reactions

No. of unknown = 4 No. of unknown = 10

No. of equilibrium equations = 3 No. of equilibrium equations = 9
4  3 thus statically Indeterminate 10  9 thus statically Indeterminate

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 Indeterminate Structure
Why we study indeterminate structure
– Most of the structures designed today are statically indeterminate
– Reinforced concrete buildings are considered in most cases as a
statically indeterminate structures since the columns & beams are
poured as continuous member through the joints & over the
supports
– More stable compare to determinate structure or in another word
safer.
– In many cases more economical than determinate.
– The comparison in the next page will enlighten more

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 Statically Indeterminate Structures
•Advantages & Disadvantages
– For a given loading, the max stress and deflection of an
indeterminate structure are generally smaller than those of its
statically determinate counterpart
– Statically indeterminate structure has a tendency to redistribute its
load to its redundant supports in cases of faulty designs or
overloading.
– Although statically indeterminate structure can support loading with
thinner members & with increased stability compared to their
statically determinate counterpart, the cost savings in material must
be compared with the added cost to fabricate the structure since
often it becomes more costly to construct the supports & joints of an
indeterminate structure
– One has to careful of differential displacement of the supports as
well

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 Contrast
Determinate Structure Indeterminate Structure
Considerable compared to indeterminate Generally smaller than determinate
structure structure
Deflection

P P

PL3 PL3
48EI 192EI

High moment caused thicker member & Less moment, smaller cross section &
more material needed less material needed
P P
Stress

PL PL
4 8

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 Contrast
Determinate Structure
Support will not develop the horizontal
force & moments that necessary to
prevent total collapse
No load redistribution
Stability in case of over load
When the plastic hinge formed certain
collapse for the system
P P
Plastic Hinge
Indeterminate Structure
Will develop horizontal force &
moment reactions that will hold the
beam
Has the tendency to redistribute its
load to its redundant supports
When the plastic hinge formed the
system would be a determinate
structure
Plastic Hinge
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 Contrast
Determinate Structure Indeterminate Structure
No effect & no stress would be Serious effect and stress would be
developed in the beam developed in the beam
Temperature

P P

No effect & no stress would be Serious effect and stress would be

developed developed
Displacement
Differential

P P

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 Statically Determinate Statically Indeterminate
Structure Structure

when the
when the
static equilibrium equations
static equilibrium equations are
are sufficient to determine
the unknown VS not sufficient to determine the
unknown support reactions.
support reactions.

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Newton’s laws of motion,

Static Equilibrium Equations

For 3-D structures

For 2-D structures, it can be reduced to:

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Degree of static indeterminacy (d)
Is the excess of unknown reactions as compared to the static
equations (known as Redundant).

For beam & frame: For plane truss:

d=r-n-c d = m + r - 2j
d = degree of static indeterminacy d = degree of static indeterminacy
r = number of support reactions m = number of members
n = number of static equilibrium equations r = number of reactions
(n=3 for 2D structures)
j = Number of joints
c = number of internal hinge

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 Examples (beams):

a)

d = 2 – 3 = -1
statically unstable
b)

d=3–3=0
statically determinate

c)
d=4–3=1
statically indeterminate to 1
degree

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 Examples (frame and truss):

B C A
B

C D
A D Truss
Frame

d = r-n-c = 5 – 3 d = m+r-2j = 6+4-2(4)

=2 =2
Statically indeterminate to 2 degree. Statically indeterminate to 2 degree.

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 Determinacy and Indeterminacy
• For a 2D structure

No. of components

r  3n, statically determinate

r  3n, statically indeterminate
• The additional equations needed to solve for the unknown forces are
referred to as “compatibility equations”.
r  3n : degree of indeterminacy
No. of unknown forces

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 Try this out
Classify each of the beams as statically determinate or statically indeterminate. If
statically indeterminate, report the no. of degree of indeterminacy. The beams are
subjected to external loadings that are assumed to be known & can act anywhere
on the beams.

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Try this out

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 Try this!
Classify each of the pin-connected structures as statically determinate or
statically indeterminate. If statically indeterminate, report the no. of degree of
indeterminacy. The structures are subjected to arbitrary external loadings that
are assumed to be known & can act anywhere on the structures.

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 Classification of structures:
From the perspective of Degree of Indeterminacy

Degree of Indeterminacy Classification of structure

(d)
d is negative (-ve) statically unstable
d is zero (0) statically determinate

d is positive (+ve) statically indeterminate

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 Statically Indeterminate Structures
• Methods of Analysis
– To satisfy equilibrium, compatibility & force-disp
requirements for the structure
• Force Method (i.e. flexibility method)
• Displacement Method (i.e. moment distribution
method, stiffness method)

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 Force Method:
 Originally developed by James Clerk Maxwell in 1864 and later
refined by Otto Mohr and Heinrich Muller-Breslau.
 First available method for the analysis of indeterminate structures.
 Other names: compatibility method, method of consistent
displacements, flexibility method.
 The fundamental principles involve establishing equations
satisfying compatibility and force-displacement requirements for
the structures.
 The method solve for redundant force(s).

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 Displacement Method:

 Fundamental of the method lies with the

establishment of force-displacement relations for
the members and then satisfying equilibrium
requirements for the structure.
 The method determines displacement first before
solving all the remaining forces.
 The common classical techniques used in the
application of displacement method are moment
distribution method and stiffness method.

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 Summary of Force and Displacement Methods

Methods Unknowns Equations Used Coefficient of

the unknowns
Force Forces Compatibility & Flexibility coeff
Force
Displacement
Displacement Displacements Equilibrium & Stiffness coeff.
Force
Displacement

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 Concluding Remarks

 It is important to identify the indeterminate

structure and determine the degree of indeterminacy
before analysis of a structure.
 Analysis of the indeterminate structure can be
carried out by using the method of superposition,
slope-deflection, moment distribution, flexibility and
stiffness.

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 LEARNING OUTCOMES

Topic 1:
VIRTUAL WORK METHOD
(DIRECT METHOD)
At the end of this topic, students should be able to:

Determine the elastic deflections of a structure by using energy

method known as Virtual Load Method

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 Deflection Diagrams & Elastic Curve

 Deflections of structures can come from loads,

temperature, fabrication errors or settlement
 In designs, deflections must be limited in order to
prevent cracking of attached brittle materials
 A structure must not vibrate or deflect severely for the
comfort of occupants
 Deflections at specified points must be determined if one
is to analyze statically indeterminate and/or determinate
structures

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 Deflection Diagrams & Elastic Curve

 In this topic, only linear elastic material response is

considered
 This means a structure subjected to load will return to its
original un-deformed position after the load is removed
 It is useful to sketch the shape of the structure when it is
loaded in order to visualize the computed results & to
partially check the results

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 Deflection Diagrams & Elastic Curve

This deflection diagram represent the elastic curve for the points at
the centroids of the cross-sectional areas along each of the
members.

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Virtual Work Method
(Unit Load Method)

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 Virtual Work Method

Introduction to Principle of Virtual Work

 The principle of virtual work was developed by John Bernoulli in

1717 and is sometimes referred to as the unit-load method. It
provides a general means of obtaining the displacement and slope
at a specific point on a structure, be it a beam, frame, or truss.
 The concept is based on principle of conservation of energy.
 Consider the external work done by a unit virtual load applied to a
structure in equilibrium that moves due to the deformations
associated with a real-load system. By the principle of conservation
of energy, the external work is equal to the internal strain energy
done by the internal virtual forces under-going real deformations.

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 Virtual Work Method

Introduction to Principle of Virtual Work

 If we take a deformable structure of any shape or size & apply a

series of external loads P to it, it will cause internal loads U at
points throughout the structure
 It is necessary that the external & internal loads be related by the
equations of equilibrium
 As a consequence of these loadings, external displacement,  will
occur at the P loads & internal displacement,  will occur at each
point of internal loads U
 In general, these displacement do not have to be elastic, & they
may not be related to the loads

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 Virtual Work Method

Principle of Virtual Work

 In general, the principle states that:

Works of External Loads = Works of Internal
Loads
P = U
 Consider the structure (or body) to be of
arbitrary shape as shown.
 Suppose it is necessary to determine the
displacement  of point A on the body caused
by the “real loads” P1, P2 and P3

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 Virtual Work Method

Principle of Virtual Work

 It is to be understood that these loads

cause no movement of the supports
 They can strain the material beyond the
elastic limit
 Since no external load acts on the body
at A and in the direction of , the
displacement , can be determined by
first placing on the body a “virtual” load
such that this force P’ acts in the same
direction as .

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 Virtual Work Method

Principle of Virtual Work

 We will choose P’ to have a unit

magnitude, P’ =1
 Once the virtual loadings are applied,
then the body is subjected to the real
loads P1, P2 and P3.
 Point A will be displaced an amount 
causing the element to deform an
amount dL
 As a result, the external virtual force P’
& internal load u “ride along” by  and
dL & therefore, perform external virtual
work of 1.  on the body and internal
virtual work of u.dL on the element

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 Virtual Work Method

Principle of Virtual Work

In a similar manner, if the rotational displacement or slope of the tangent at a point on a

structure is to be determined.

Virtual Loadings

1 .  = u . dL
Real Displacements

Where
M’ = 1 = external virtual unit couple moment acting in the direction of .
u = internal virtual load acting on an element in the direction of dL.
 = external rotational displacement or slope in radians caused by the real
loads.
dL = internal deformation of the element caused by the real loads.

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 Virtual Work Method

Applying Principle of Work & Energy (Bending)

Based on principle of conservation of energy Ue = Ui compatibly equation can be developed.

L mM L mM
therefore1.  
0 EI
dx OR 1.  0 EI
dx where

Where
1 = external virtual unit load acting on the beam or frame in the
stated direction of .
m = internal virtual moment in the beam or frame, expressed as a
function of x and caused by the external virtual unit load.
 = external joint displacement of the point caused by the real loads
acting on the beam or frame.
M = internal moment in the beam or frame , expressed as a function
of x and caused by the real loads.
E = modulus of elasticity of a the material.
I = moment of inertia of cross-sectional area, computed about the
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 Virtual Work Method

Principle of Virtual Work

Since Works for External Loads = Works for Internal Loads

Virtual Loadings

1 .  = u . dL
Real Displacements

Where
P’ = 1 = external virtual unit load acting in the direction of .
u = internal virtual load acting on an element in the direction of dL.
 = external displacement caused by the real loads.
dL = internal deformation of the element caused by the real loads.

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 Virtual Work Method

Applying Principle of Work & Energy (Axial Force)

Based on principle of conservation of energy Ue = Ui compatibly equation can be developed.

nNL
therefore 1.   where
AE
Where
1 = external virtual unit load acting on the truss joint in the stated
direction of .
n = internal virtual normal force in a truss member caused by the
external virtual unit load.
 = external joint displacement caused by the real loads on the truss.
N = internal normal force in a truss member caused by the real loads.
L = length of a member.
A = cross-sectional area of a member.
E = modulus of elasticity of a member.
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 Virtual Work Method

Temperature Changes in Trusses

In some cases, truss members may change their length due to temperature. The
displacement of a selected truss joint may be written as;

1. = nTL
Where
 = External joint displacement caused by temperature change
 = Coefficient of thermal expansion for member
T = Temperature changes in member

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 Virtual Work Method

Fabrication Errors in Trusses

Errors in fabricating the lengths of the members of a truss may occur. Truss
members may also be made slightly longer or shorter in order to give the truss a
camber. The displacement of a truss joint from its expected position can be written
as;

1. = nL
Where
 = External joint displacement caused by fabrications errors
L = Differences in length of member from its intended size as
caused by fabrication error

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Virtual Load Method
TRUSS

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Trusses
Trusses are triangular frame works in which the members are subjected to
essentially axial forces due to externally applied load.

Types of Trusses

(b)Space Truss

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 PIN JOINTED TRUSSES
1. Frames are stable/perfect and imperfect
 Perfect frame are m=2j-3(m= no of members, j= no of joints)
 Deficient frame are m< (2j-3) Redundant frame are m>(2j-3)
2. Methods to analysis the trusses are
 Method of joints, Method of sections, Tension coefficient method and Graphical
method.
3. Assumptions made in the analysis of plane truss are
➢ Truss members are connected by smooth pins.
➢ All loadings is applied at the joints of the truss.

4. Condition of equilibrium for the stable/determinate structures

∑V = 0
∑H= 0
∑M= 0

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 Determinate Structures
(No of Unknown =No of Equilibrium Equation)

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 Indeterminate Structures
(No of Unknown is not equal to No of Equilibrium Equation)

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 Degree of redundancy :
(No of unknown – No of equilibrium equations)
DOR=4–3=1

DOR=4–3=1

DOR=5–3=2

DOR=6–3=3

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 Example 1

The cross-sectional area of each member of the truss is A = 400 mm2 and E = 200
GPa.

1. Determine the vertical displacement of joint C if a 8-kN force is applied to

the truss at C.
2. If no loads act on the truss, what would be the vertical displacement of
joint C if member AB were 5 mm too short?

8 kN

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 Example 1
Step 1.
Calculate all member forces of the truss

FY+ = 0
FAC
-3 + 0.6FAC = 0
C 8 kN
FAC = 5 kN #
8 kN A
FAB
3m
FX+ = 0
-3 kN
HA A B FAB + 0.8FAC – 8 = 0

 FAB = 4 kN #
VA 4m 4m VB FBC

FY+ = 0
MA + = 0 FY+ = 0 FX+ = 0 B
FAB 3 + 0.6FBC = 0
8VB = 8 (3) VA + V B = 0 8 - H A= 0
3 kN FBC = - 5 kN #
VB = 3 kN # VA = - 3 kN #  HA = 8 kN #

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 Example 1
Step 2.
Apply 1 kN unit vertical load at C Calculate all member forces
FY+ = 0
0.5 + 0.6FAC = 0
1 kN
FAC = -0.833 kN
FAC
#

C FX+ = 0
0 kN A
FAB + 0.8FAC = 0
FAB
3m
 FAB = 0.667 kN
0.5 kN
HA A B #

FBC
VA 4m 4m VB

FY+ = 0
MA + = 0 FY+ = 0 FX+ = 0 B
FAB 0.5 + 0.6FBC = 0
8VB = 1 (4) VA + V B = 1 HA= 0
0.5 kN FBC = - 0.833 kN
VB = 0.5 kN VA = 0.5 kN #  HA = 0 kN #
#
#

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 Example 1
Step 3.
nNL
Apply Virtual Work Method in Tabulation form 1.  
AE

Member N (kN) n (kN) L (m) nNL(kN2.m)

AB 4 0.667 8 21.344
AC 5 -0.833 5 -20.825
BC -5 -0.833 5 20.825
Total = 21.344

21.344kN 2 .m
1kN.Δ CV 
(400x10 6 m 2 )(200x10 6 kN/m 2 )
Δ CV  2.668x10  4 m  0.267mm( )

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 Example 1
Step 4.
If no loads act on the truss, what would be the vertical displacement of joint C if member AB were 5 mm
too short?

1.   nL
1kN.Δ VC   n AB ΔL AB
1kN.Δ VC  (0.667kN)( 0.005m)
Δ VC  3.335x10 3 m  3.335mm( )

Step 5.
If applied loads act on the truss is considered, and member AB were 5 mm too short, then vertical
displacement at C is,

nNL
1.Δ VC     nL
AE
Δ VC  0.267mm  3.335mm  3.068mm( )

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 Example 2

A pin-jointed plane truss ABCDE, pinned supported at A and E as shown. The truss
is subjected to a vertical concentrated load of 10 kN at B and 15 kN at C.

1. Used Method of Virtual work and

determine the vertical deflection at C. E D
1200 mm2
Member EB has been fabricated 5mm
too short. Take E = 200 GPa.
12

1800 mm2
2. Remove the loads on the truss and 00 12
m 0 0 1.2 m
determine the vertical displacement of m2 m
m2
point B if members AB and BC
experienced a temperature increase of A
T = 1100C. Take E = 200GPa and  = 1800 mm2 1800 mm2
1.8 x 10-6/ 0C B 10 kN C
15 kN
3. Remove the loads on the truss and 1.2 m 1.2 m
determine the vertical displacement of
point B if member EB is fabricated 19mm
too long.

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 Example 2
Step 1.
Used Method of Virtual work and determine the vertical deflection at C. Member EB has been fabricated
5mm too short. Take E = 200 GPa.

Real Load FBD Virtual Load FBD

VA VA
HE D HE D

E E

1.2 m 1.2 m

HA A B C HA A B C

1.2 m 1.2 m 1.2 m 1.2 m

VA VA

10 kN 15 kN 1 kN

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 Example 2
Step 2.
Tabulate the member forces (Real loads and Virtual Loads) in tabulation form.

Member L (m) E(kN/m2) A(m2) N (kN) n (kN) nNl/EA(kN.m)

AB 1.2 200X106 1.8X10-3 -40 -2 0.000267
BC 1.2 200X106 1.8X10-3 -15 -1 0.00005
BD 1.2 200X106 1.8X10-3 -15 -1 0.00005
BE 1.697 200X106 1.2X10-3 35.355 1.414 0.000353
CD 1.697 200X106 1.2X10-3 21.213 1.414 0.000212
DE 1.2 200X106 1.2X10-3 15 1 0.000075
Total = 0.001007
nNL
1.Δ VC     nL
AE
1kN.Δ VC  1.007x10 3 kN.m  (1.414x5x1 0 3 )
Δ VC  6.063x10 -3 m  6.063mm( )

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 Example 2
Step 3.
Remove the loads on the truss and determine the vertical displacement of point B if members AB and BC
experienced a temperature increase of T = 1100C. Take E = 200GPa and  = 1.8 x 10-6/ 0C

Virtual Load FBD 1.   nTL

VA
HE D

E
1kN . BV   n ABTLAB   nBCTLBC
1.2 m

1kN.ΔBV  ( 1)(1.8x10 6 )(110)(1.2 )  0

HA A B C
ΔBV  2.376x10  4 m  0.2376mm( )
1.2 m 1.2 m
VA

1 kN

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 Example 2
Step 4.
Remove the loads on the truss and determine the vertical displacement of point B if member EB is
fabricated 19mm too long.

VA
Virtual Load FBD 1.   nL
HE D

E
1kN .   nEB LEB
1.2 m

1kN.Δ BV  (1.414kN)( 19mm)

HA A B C
Δ BV  26.87mm( )
1.2 m 1.2 m
VA

1 kN

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Review Problems

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 Problem 1

A pin-jointed plane truss ABCDE, pinned supported at A and roller supported at E as

shown. The truss is subjected to a vertical concentrated load of 40 kN and
horizontal concentrated load of 10 kN at C.
40 kN
1. Used Method of Virtual work and determine the 10 kN C
vertical deflection at D when member AD has
2 18

1200 mm2
been fabricated 5mm too short and member m
m 00
0 m
BD experienced a temperature increase of T 3m
18
0 m2
= 1100C. Take E = 200 GPa and  = 1.8 x 10-6/ E
B 1200 mm2 1200 mm2
0
C
D

1200 mm2
2. Remove the loads on the truss and determine

m2
the horizontal displacement of point B if 4m 1

m
00
members AB and BC experienced a 1

18
temperature increase of T = 1100C. Take E =
A
200GPa and  = 1.8 x 10-6/ 0C
3. Remove the loads on the truss and determine 4m 4m
the horizontal displacement of point B if
member BD is fabricated 19mm too long.

Deformation
 Problem 2

A pin-jointed plane truss ABCD, pinned at A and supported on rollers at D as shown. The
truss is subjected to a uniformly distributed load of 5 kN/m acting vertically downward on
member BC and a horizontal concentrated load of 20 kN at B. AE is constant for all members.

5 kN/m
1. Determine the horizontal displacement of C
the truss at C using virtual work.
20 kN B 30 0
2. If in addition to the loads shown, member
BD is cooled 300C, re-calculate the
horizontal displacement at C. Given the

4m
thermal expansion coefficient,  = 1x10-
/ C and the axial rigidity, AE = 12,000 kN.
5 0
A
60 0

3m

Deformation
 Problem 3

A pin-jointed plane truss ABCDE, pinned at A and B as shown. The truss is

subjected to 450 inclined loads at D and E with 10 kN and 20 kN respectively.
Given A = 1800 mm2 and E = 200 GPa.
10 kN

E 45 0
1. Used Method of Virtual work and determine the
Determine the horizontal displacement of the
truss at E using virtual work.
2.1 m
2. Comment for the horizontal displacement at E 20 kN
when the member CE is fabricated 10 mm too D
C 45 0
long, while the external loads are still in place.

2.1 m

A B

1.8 m 1.8 m

Deformation
HOW WOULD YOU ANAYLYSE THIS?

Deformation
Group work 1a

Deformation
Group work 1b

Deformation
Beams and Frames

Deformation
 Deflection Diagrams & Elastic Curve
 If the elastic curve seems difficult to
establish, it is suggested that the
moment diagram be drawn first and
then construct the curve
 Due to pin-and-roller support, the
displacement at A & D must be zero
 Within the region of –ve moment, the
elastic curve is concave downward
 Within the region of +ve moment, the
elastic curve is concave upward
 There must be an inflection point where
the curve changes from concave down
to concave up

Deformation
 Deflection Diagrams & Elastic Curve
 In Figure (a), the roller at A allows
free rotation with no deflection while
the fixed wall at B prevents both
rotation & deflection
 In Figure (b), no rotation or deflection
occur at A & B
 In Figure (c), the couple moment will
rotate end A, this will cause deflections
at both ends of the beam since no
deflection is possible at B & C. Notice
that segment CD remains undeformed
since no internal load acts within

Deformation
 Deflection Diagrams & Elastic Curve
 In Figure (d), the pin at B allows
rotation, so the slope of the deflection
curve will suddenly change at this
point while the beam is constrained by
its support
 In Figure (e), the compound beam
deflects as shown. The slope changes
abruptly on each side of B
 In Figure (f), span BC will deflect
concave downwards due to load.
Since the beam is continuous, the end
spans will deflect concave upwards

Deformation
 Virtual Work Method

Effect of Support Settlements

Axial Force
nNL
1.Δ    Δ Settlement
AE
Bending
L mM
1.Δ   dx  Δ Settlement
0 EI
L m θM
1.θ   dx  Δ Settlement
0 EI
Note:
+ve if the settlement direction is same with the virtual load direction
-ve if the settlement direction is opposite the virtual load direction.
Deformation
Virtual Work Method
BEAM

Deformation
BEAM & FRAME DEFLECTIONS
VIRTUAL WORK

L mM
1.   dx
0 EI

Deformation
 12kN/m

A 10m B

Example 1:
Determine the deflection at B of the beam shown.
Given:
I = 500(106)mm4
E = 200GPa
EI = 1 X 105 kNm2

Deformation
 Example 1

Determine the displacement of point B of the steel beam as shown. Take E = 200
GPa, I = 500 x 106 mm4
12 kN/m

A B
10 m

Step 1.
Draw free body diagram for Real load and Virtual Load.

Real Load, M Virtual Load, m

1 kN
MA 12 kN/m MA
HA HA

VA VA
10 m 10 m

Deformation
 Example 1
Step 2. Step 4:
Calculate Moment equation for the beam with Calculate Displacement at point B using virtual
real load at all salient points work equation

L mM
12 kN/m
MX + = 0
1.   dx
0 EI
MX MX = -12 (X)(x/2)
X MX = - 6X2 # 10 (  x)(6x 2 )
1kN.Δ   dx
0 EI
Step 3:
1 10 3
Calculate Moment equation for the beam with
virtual load at all salient points
1kN.Δ 
EI 0
6x dx

15x103
1 kN 1kN.Δ B 
MX + = 0
(200x10 6 )(500x10 6 )

MX MX = -1 (X)
Δ B  0.15m  150mm( )
X MX = - X #

Deformation
 Primary Structure, M Virtual Structure, m
•Remove all real load
•Apply 1kN at C.

Member Distance M m mM
BA 0  x  10 -0.5(12x2) -x 6x3
2
mM
L 10 ( 1x )( 6 x )
1kN . B  dx   dx
0 EI 0 EI
15(103 ) kN 2 m3
1kN . B 
1 105 kNm 2 What if the deflection at midpoint of span
AB is to be determined?

 B  0.150m  150mm ()

(Answer: 0.0531m ( ) )

Deformation
 SUPPORT SETTLEMENT

What could you related support settlement with the 2 equations below?

L mM nNL
1.   dx + settlement 1.   + settlement
0 EI AE
Note:
+ve if the settlement direction is same with the virtual load direction;
-ve if the settlement direction is opposite the virtual load direction.

Deformation
 m

Support A settle 0.01m

(same direction with virtual load)
Example 1a (Refer to Example 1):
Determine the deflection at B of the beam shown if the support A
settle 10mm. Given: I = 500(106)mm4 ;E = 200GPa
Solution:
L mM
1.   dx + settlement
0 EI
VB = 0.15m + 0.01m = 0.16m (downward)
Do You Know?
What is the deflection at B if the support A do not settle 10mm but subjected to slope
displacement of 0.01 radians counterclockwise? Tips:
Answer: 0.05m (downwards)
Deformation
 Example 3

Determine the slope,  at point B of the steel beam as shown.

Take E = 200 GPa, I = 60 x 106 mm4
3 kN

A B C
5m 5m
Step 1.
Draw free body diagram for Real load and Virtual Load.

Real Load, M Virtual Load, m

3 kN MA 1 kN.m MA
HA HA

VA VA
10 m 5m 5m

Deformation
 Example 3
Step 2.
Calculate Moment equation for the beam with real load at all salient points
0<x<10

3 kN
MX + = 0

MX = -3 (X)
X MX
MX = - 3X #

Step 3:
Calculate Moment equation for the beam with virtual load at all salient points

0<x<5 5<x<10
MX + = 0
1 kNm MX + = 0
MX = 0
MX MX = 1
MX = 0 # MX
X 5 MX = 1 #
X

Deformation
 Example 3
Step 4.
Calculate Angular Displacement at point B using virtual work equation

L m θM
1.θ   dx
0 EI

5 (0)(-3x) 10 (1)(-3x)
1kNm.θ   dx   dx
0 EI 5 EI

1 10
1kNm.θ   - 3x dx
EI 5

- 112.5
1kNm.θ B 
(200x106 )(60x106 )
θ B  0.009375 rad  0.009375 rad ( )

Deformation
 Example 4

Determine the vertical displacement of point C of the beam as shown. Take E = 200
GPa, I = 150 x 106 mm4
20 kN
8 kN/m

C
A B
4m 4m

Step 1.
Draw free body diagram for Real load and Virtual Load.

Real Load, M Virtual Load, m

20 kN 1 kN
8 kN/m
HB HB

VA VB VA VB
4m 4m 4m 4m

Deformation
 Example 4
Step 2.
Calculate Moment equation for the beam with real load at all salient points

8 kN/m 20 kN
MA + = 0 FY+ = 0 FX+ = 0

HB 8VB = 8(4)(2) + 20(4) VA + VB = 8(4) + 20 - HB = 0

VB = 18 kN # VA = 34 kN # HB = 0 #

VA
VB

4<x<8
0<x<4
20 kN
8 kN/m 8 kN/m MX + = 0
MX + = 0
MX = 34(X) – 8(4)(X – 2) – 20(X – 4)
MX = 34 (X) – 8(X2/2)
34 kN MX 34 kN MX MX = 144 – 18X #
X MX = 34X – 4X 2
# X

Deformation
 Example 4
Step 3.
Calculate Moment equation for the beam with virtual load at all salient points

1 kN MA + = 0 FY+ = 0 FX+ = 0

HB 8VB = 1(4) VA + V B = 1 - HB = 0

VB = 0.5 kN # VA = 0.5 kN # H B = 0 #

VA VB

4<x<8
0<x<4 1 kN

MX + = 0 MX + = 0

MX = 0.5(X) MX = 0.5(X) – 1(X – 4)

MX
0.5 kN 0.5 kN MX
X MX = 0.5X # 4
MX = 4 – 0.5X #
X

Deformation
 Example 4
Step 4.
Calculate Vertical Displacement at point C using virtual work equation

L mM
1.Δ   dx
0 EI

4 (0.5x)(34X  4x 2 ) 8 (4 - 0.5x)(144 - 18X)

1kN.Δ   dx   dx
0 EI 4 EI

1 4 1 8
1kN.Δ   (0.5x)(34X  4x ) dx   (4 - 0.5x)(144 - 18X)dx
2

EI 0 EI 4

426.6667
1kN.Δ C 
(200x10 6 )(150x10 6 )
Δ C  0.0142m  14.22mm( )

Deformation
 Example 5

Determine the slope at points C of the beam shown in the figure below. Take E =
200 GPa., I = 360 x 106 mm4
40 kN

A B
2m 4m 2m

Step 1.
Draw free body diagram for Real load and Virtual Load.

Real Load, M Virtual Load, m

40 kN
1 kN.m
HA HA

VA VB VA VB
2m 4m 2m 2m 4m 2m

Deformation
 Example 5
Step 2.
Calculate Moment equation for the beam with real load at all salient points

Step 3.
Calculate Moment equation for the beam with virtual load at all salient points

Step 4.
Calculate Angular Displacement at point B using virtual work equation

L mM
1.θ   dx
0 EI
2 (-X/8)(10X) 6 (1- X/8)(10X) 8 (1- X/8)(-30X  240)
1kNm.θ   dx   dx   dx
0 EI 2 EI 6 EI
1 2 1 6 1 8
1kNm.θ 
EI 0
(-X/8)(10X)dx 
EI 2
(1- X/8)(10X)d x 
EI 6
(1- X/8)(-30X  240)dx

80
1kNm.θ 
(200x106 )(360x106 )
θ  0.001111 rad ( )
Deformation
 Example 6

Determine the slope at points B and C of the beam shown in the figure below. Take
E = 200 GPa and I = 360 x 106 mm4
30 kN

A B C
5m 5m

Step 1.
Draw free body diagram for Real load and Virtual Load.

Real Load, M Virtual Load, m Virtual Load, m

MA 3 kN MA 1 kN.m MA 1 kN.m

HA HA HA

VA VA VA
10 m 5m 5m 5m 5m

Deformation
 Example 6
Step 2.
Calculate Moment equation for the beam with real load at all salient points

Step 3.
Calculate Moment equation for the beam with virtual load at all salient points

Step 4.
Calculate Angular Displacement at point B and C using virtual work equation

L mM
1.θ   dx
0 EI

Deformation
 Group Work 2a
Determine the deflection at C, Take E = 200 GPa.,
I = 60 x 106 mm4

Deformation
Group Work 2b

Deformation
 Group Work 2c
Determine the vertical displacement at end C of the beam
shown in the figure below. The modulus of elasticity (E) and the
moment of inertia (I) are constant for the entire beam. 

Deformation
 Problem 1

Calculate displacement and slope at point D of the beam shown in the Figure P1
using the Virtual Work Method. Take E = 200 GPa., I = 60 x 106 mm4 .

20 kN

A B

C D
5m 8m 7m

Figure P1

Deformation
 Problem 2

Calculate displacement and slope at point D of the beam shown in the Figure P2
using the Virtual Work Method. Take E = 200 GPa., I = 60 x 106 mm4 .

20 kN 20 kN

A B

C D E
5m 3m 7m 5m

Figure P2

Deformation
 Problem 3

Calculate displacement and slope at point D of the beam shown in the Figure P3
using the Virtual Work Method. Take E = 200 GPa., I = 60 x 106 mm4 .

20 kN.m

A B

C D
5m 7m 5m

Figure P3

Deformation
Virtual Work Method
FRAME

Deformation
 Example 7

Determine the horizontal displacement of point C of the beam as shown. Take E =

200 GPa, I = 150 x 106 mm4 15 kN
4m
C
D
5m

A
B

8m

Step 1.
Draw free body diagram for Real load and Virtual Load.

Real Load, M 15 kN Vistual Load, m

1 kN

MA MA
HA HA

VA VA

Deformation
 Example 7
Step 2.
Calculate Moment equation for the frame with real load at all salient points

0<x<4 0<x<8

15 kN
15 kN
MX + = 0
4m MX + = 0
MX = -15 (X)
MX = 15(X – 4 )
X MX
MX = - 15X #
MX = 15X – 60#
MX

0<x<5
X
15 kN
4m MX + = 0

MX = - 15 (4)
X
MX = - 60 kNm #
MX

Deformation
 Example 7
Step 3.
Calculate Moment equation for the frame with virtual load at all salient points
0<x<5

4m
1 kN MX + = 0

MX = - 1 (X)

MX X MX = - X #

0<x<8

4m
1 kN MX + = 0

5m MX = - 1(5)
MX MX = - 5 kNm#

Deformation
 Example 7
Step 4.
Calculate Horizontal Displacement at point C using virtual work equation

L mM
1.Δ   dx
0 EI

4 (-15x)(0) 5 (-60)(-X) 8 (15X - 60)(-5)

1kN.Δ   dx   dx   dx
0 EI 0 EI 0 EI

1 4
(-15x)(0)dx   (-60)(-X)dx   (15X - 60)(-5)dx
5 8
1kN.Δ  
EI  0 0 0 

750
1kN.Δ C 
(200x10 6 )(150x10 6 )
Δ C  0.025m  25.0mm( )

Deformation
 Example 8

Determine the vertical displacement at points C of the two-member frame shown in

the figure below. Take E = 200 GPa., I = 160 x 106 mm4
40 kN

B
C
20 kN/m

A 60 0

5m 2m 3m

Deformation
 Example 8
Step 1.
Draw free body diagram for Real load and Virtual Load.

Real Load, M Vistual Load, m

40 kN 1 kN

B B
C
C
VB VB
20 kN/m

A 60 0 A 60 0

HA HA
VA VA
5m 2m 3m 5m 2m 3m

Deformation
 Example 8
Step 2.
Calculate Moment equation for the frame with real load at all salient points

Member AB (0<x<10)

x
MX MX  + = 0
- MX + 173.21 Sin 600(x) – 63 Sin 300(x) - 15 (x)(x/2)= 0
173.21
 MX = 118.50X - 7.5X2 #

63

Member BC (0<x<3) Member BC (3<x<5)

40 kN
x MX  + = 0 x
MX  + = 0
MX - 103 (x)= 0 MX + 40(x-3) - 103 (x)= 0

MX
 MX = 103.0x #  MX = 63x + 120 #
103 MX
103

Deformation
 Example 8
Step 3.
Calculate Moment equation for the frame with virtual load at all salient points

Member AB (0<x<10) Member BC (0<x<5)

x
MX
x

0 MX
0.5
0.5

MX  + = 0 MX  + = 0

- MX + (0.5) X Cos 600(x)= 0 MX - 0.5 (x)= 0

 MX = 0.25X #  MX = 0.5x #

Deformation
 Example 8
Step 4.
Calculate Vertical Displacement at point C using virtual work equation

L mM
1.Δ   dx
0 EI

10 (0.25X)(118.50X - 7.5X2 ) 3 (0.5X)(103X) 5 (0.5X)(63X  120)

1kN.Δ   dx   dx   dx
0 EI 0 EI 3 EI

1 10 1 3 1 5
1kN.Δ   (0.25X)(11 8.50X - 7.5X )dx   (0.5X)(103X)dx   (0.5X)(63X  120)dx
2

EI 0 EI 0 EI 3

7160
1kN.Δ C 
(200x106 )(160x106 )
Δ C  0.22375m  22.375mm( )

Deformation
 Example 9

Determine the slope at points C of the two-member frame shown in the figure
below. The support at A is fixed. Take E = 200 GPa., I = 235 x 106 mm4

30 kN/m

C
B
3.6 m
3m

60 0

Deformation
 Example 9
Step 1.
Draw free body diagram for Real load and Virtual Load.

Real Load, M Vistual Load, m

30 kN/m
1 kN.m

C C
B B
3.6 m 3.6 m
3m

3m
60 0 60 0

HA HA
MA MA
VA VA

Deformation
 Example 9
Step 2.
Calculate Moment equation for the frame with real load at all salient points

Step 3.
Calculate Moment equation for the frame with virtual load at all salient points

Step 4.
Calculate Angular Displacement at point C using virtual work equation

L mM
1.θ   dx
0 EI
2
3 (54X - 356.4)(1) 3.6 (-15X )(1)
1kNm.θ   dx   dx
0 EI 0 EI

- 1059.48
1kNm.θ 
(200x106 )(235x106 )
θ  0.0225 rad ( )

Deformation
 Group work 3
Determine the horizontal deflection at A

Deformation
Review Problems

Deformation
 Problem 1

Calculate vertical displacement and slope at point D of the frame shown in the
Figure P1 using the Virtual Work Method. Take E = 200 GPa., I = 60 x 106 mm4 .
15 kN/m

D C

3m
kN
30

1m

4m

A B

3m 3m 6m

Figure P1

Deformation
 Problem 2

Figure P2 shows a rigid-jointed frame that is

subjected to wind loads. The wind load is 15
k N/m
transferred to the members at the girts and
A
purlins from the roof segments (AB) and simply 2m

supported wall (BC). The frame is roller 2m

Purlins
30 0
supported at A and pinned at C. Using the Virtual
B
work method, determine horizontal displacement
at B. 4m

15 kN/m
Girts

Take E = 200 GPa., I = 60 x 106 mm4 .

4m

Figure P2

Deformation
 Problem 3

Calculate vertical displacement, horizontal displacement and slope at point C of the

frame shown in the Figure P3 using the Virtual Work Method.
Take E = 200 GPa., I = 60 x 106 mm4 .
40 kN

A C
B

20 kN/m
8m

3m 3m 6m

Figure P3

Deformation
 Cables & Arches

LEARNING OUTCOME:

At the end of this course, the students should be able to:-

- apply equilibrium and compatibility principles in structural analysis of common statically
indeterminate skeletal structures (CO2PO5)

Deformation
 Cables

• Cables are often used in engineering structure

to support and or transmit loads from one
member to another

Deformation
Deformation
 Cables
• Assumptions when deriving the relations between
force in cable & its slope
– Cable is perfectly flexible & inextensible
• Due to its flexibility, cable offers no resistance to
shear or bending
• The force acting the cable is always tangent to the
cable at points along its length

Deformation
 Cable subjected to concentrated loads

• When a cable of negligible weight supports several

concentrated loads, the cable takes the form of
several straight line segments
• Each of the segment is subjected to a constant
tensile force
  specifies the angle
of the chord AB
• L = cable length

Deformation
• If L1, L2 & L3 and loads P1 & P2 are known, determine
the 9 unknowns consisting of the tension of in each
of the 3 segments, the 4 components of reactions at
A & B and the sags yC & yD
• For solutions, we write 2 eqns. of equilibrium at each
of 4 points A, B, C & D
• Total 8 eqns.
• The last eqn. comes from the geometry of the cable

Deformation
Cables subjected to concentrated loads

Deformation
 Example 1
Determine the tension in cables and what is the dimension h ?

Deformation
 Taking Moment at A

M A 0
TCD 53 2  TCD 54 5.5  3( 2)  8(4)  0
TCD  6.79kN

Considering Equilibrium at joint C

 x
F  0  6.79( 5 )  TBC cos  BC  0
3

 y
F  0  6. 79( 5 )  8  TBC sin  BC  0
4

TBC  4.82
 BC  32.3o

Deformation
Considering Equilibrium at joint B

 x
F  0  4.82(cos 32 .3o
)  TBA cos  BA  0

 y
F  0  4.82 (sin 32 .3o
)  3  TBA sin  BA  0
TBA  6.90
 BA  53.8o

To determine ‘h’
h  2tan 53.8  2.74m

Deformation
 Cable subjected to a uniform distributed load

• The x, y axes have their origin located at the lowest

point on the cable such that the slope is zero at this
point
• Since the tensile force in the cable changes
continuously in both magnitude & direction along the
cable’s length, this load is denoted by T

Deformation
 Cable subjected to a uniform distributed load

• The distributed load is represented by its resultant

force ox which acts at x/2 from point O
• Applying eqn of equilibrium yields:
Fx  0
 T cos   (T  T ) cos(   )  0

  Fy  0
 T sin   wo (x )  (T  T ) sin(   )  0

With anti - clockwise as  ve

M A  0
wo (x)(x / 2)  T cos y  T sin x  0

Deformation
• Dividing each of these eqn by x and taking the limit
as x 0, hence, y 0 ,  0 and T 0 , we
obtain:
d (T cos  )
0 eqn 1
dx

d (T sin  )
 wo eqn 2
dx

dy
 tan  eqn 3
dx

Deformation
• Integrating Eqn. 1 where T = FH at x = 0, we have:
T cos   FH eqn 4

• Which indicates the horizontal component of force at

any point along the cable remains constant

• Integrating Eqn. 2 realizing that Tsin = 0 at x = 0,

we have: T sin   wo x eqn 5

Deformation
• Dividing Eqn. 5 by Eqn. 4 eliminates T
• Then using Eqn. 3, we can obtain the slope at any
point tan  
dy wo x
 eqn 6
dx FH

• Performing a second integration with y = 0 at x = 0

yields wo 2
y x eqn 7
2 FH

Deformation
• This is the eqn. of parabola
• The constant FH may be obtained by using the
boundary condition y = h at x = L
wo L2
• Thus FH  eqn 8
2h

• Substituting into Eqn. 7

h 2
y 2 x eqn 9
L

Deformation
• From Eqn. 4, the max tension in the cable occurs
when  is max
• From Eqn. 4 and 5
Tmax  2 F 2 H  ( wo L) 2 eqn 10

• Using Eqn. 8 we can express Tmax in terms of wo

Tmax  wo L 2 1  ( L / 2h) 2 eqn 11

Deformation
• We have neglect the weight of the cable which is
uniform along the length
• A cable subjected to its own weight will take the form
of a catenary curve
• If the sag-to-span ratio is small, this curve closely
approximates a parabolic shape

Deformation
Cables subjected to a Uniform
Distributed Load

Deformation
Analysis Procedure
wL
RL  RR     Fy  0 
2
HL  HR H    Fx  0 

H mid _ span  H    Fx  0 
wL wL
 V  0    Fy  0 
2 2
V=0
wL L wL L
     H f  0   M  0
2 2 2 4
wL 2
H 
8f

Deformation
H mid _ span  H    Fx  0 
wL
 wx V  0    Fy  0 
2
wL
V=  wx
2
wL x wx 2
   H y 0   M  0
2 2 2
 wL 
H .y    wx  x
 2 
wx
H .y  L  x 
2
w x wL 2
y  L  x  H 
2H 8f
4f  x
y  2 L  x 
L
Deformation
General Case
HR  HL    Fx  0 

R L wx V  0    Fy  0 
V=R L  wx

  M @ B  0
wL x
   RL  x  H  y  0
2 2
H . y   R L wx  x

H 
 R L wx   x
y

Deformation
 Note

T max is at  is maximum
H
T max 
cos 
T max  H 2 V 2

Deformation
 Example 2
Determine the tension of the cable at points A, B, C

Deformation
  M @C 0
x2
x 20H   425  0  1
2

Deformation
 M @A  0
100  x 
2

40H   425  0  2
2
x2
20H   425  0
2
100  x 
2

100  x 40H   425  0

2
x 2  200x  10000  0
x  41.42

Deformation
 100  x x
from  1
42.422
20H  425  36459.2Ib  36.46k
2
also , from  f y  right part   0  V C W x  425(41.42)  17.6k
from f y all   0  V A  100 W V A
V A  425(100)  17600  24900Ib  24.9k

T A  36.462  24.92  61.7 k

T C  36.462  17.6 2  50.7 k
Deformation
 Example 3
Determine the tension of the cable at points A, B

H H

VA VB
2
wL
H 
8f
500 30 
2

H   7031.25
8 8

W L 500  30
V A V B    7500 Ib=7.5k
2 2
T max  T A  T B  H 2 V 2
 7.0312  7.52  10.280
Deformation
 PRINCIPLE OF VIRTUAL WORK
In general, the principle was developed based on:
Work of External Loads = Work of Internal Loads

BEAMS & FRAMES

To determine deflection dealing with External Load:
L mM Do you know?
1.   dx
0 EI How to determine the
deflection of a truss that
TRUSSES subjected to external load,
temperature change and
To determine deflection dealing with External Load:
fabrication errors?
nNL
1.  
AE
To determine deflection when truss is subjected to temperature change:

1.   nTL Note:T is +ve if temperature rise/increase; -ve if temperature decrease

To determine deflection when truss is subjected to fabrication errors:
1.   nL Note:L is +ve if fabrication too long; -ve too short

Deformation
Introduction to Arch
• Arches used a curved structure which provide high resistance to
bending forces.
• Arch is an inverted of cable and useful in reducing bending moments in
long span structure.
• Arches work basically as structure under compression.
• Arches carry the dominant permanent load case (usually full dead
load) in pure axial compression. This arch shape called funicular arch
because absence of bending and shear force.
• In general, arches carry additional loads (such as live load) in
bending.
• Widely used in bridge and building.

Deformation
Definition of Arch

The following terms are used to refer to components of arches:

•Springing lines: The points at which the arch touches its foundation (the use of "line"
here is misleading, but we will use it because it is the common term)
•Rise: The vertical distance from the midpoint of the chord joining the springing lines to
the axis of the arch
•Span: The length of the horizontal projection of the chord joining the springing lines
•Crown: The point on the arch at midspan.

Deformation
 Type of Arch
Arch Type Condition/ Example Advantages Disadvantages
Three Hinged Arch Statically determinate Settlement/ temperature Not rigid as fixed arch.
changes & fabrication More deflection and
error not governed. difficult to fabricate the
Easy analysis & hinge.
construct.
Two Hinged Arch Indeterminate 1o Settlement not governed. Not rigid as fixed arch.
Become statically More deflection
determinate if remove compare to fixed arch.
one support reaction.

Fixed Arch Indeterminate 3o Very stiff structure and Great force generated at
suffers less deflection. foundation. Settle more.
Can only be built at
stable ground.

Tie Arch Statically Determinate Tie rod helps restrain the Need clearance for
horizontal force. construction of tie rod.
Unaffected by support
settlement. More rigid
than 2&3 hinged arch.

Deformation
 Arch Vs Beam
When dealing with vertical load:

BEAM ARCH
No Horizontal Force. Horizontal Force Exist.

MA

MB
V
y
Ay x

MB = R.x = Ay.x
MA = R.x – H.y

Deformation
 Three-Hinged Arch

At Hinge;

At any point of arch;

Procedure of Analysis:
1. Find support reactions.

2. Find the rise, y and angle .
y
3. Find the Vx, Nx & M at any point.
4. Draw moment diagram, find the
maximum M.
Deformation
Determine rise, y at every point of arch
Two Main Shape:
(a) Parabolic Arch (b) Circular Arch

Deformation
Derivation of Parabolic Arch Equation

Deformation
Derivation of Parabolic Arch Equation (cont’)

Parabolic equation: y=ax2+bx+c

Deformation
Derivation of Parabolic Arch Equation (cont’)

Deformation
Derivation of Circular Arch Equation

Deformation
Derivation of Circular Arch Equation (Cont’)
Normally only x or angles that
given in the problem:

If x is given:

Deformation
Derivation of Circular Arch Equation (Cont’)

Deformation
Circular Arch Problem 1:
Calculate all the reaction forces as well as the bending moment, normal
thrust, and radical shear at the point x in semicircular arch:

Deformation
 Step 1: Find Support Reaction:
* When support on the same level, always take
summation Moment at A or B.

Find rise for affected point:

* When deal with 2 pinned support, always cut

section at hinge, C and take Mc = 0

Deformation
We have obtained By = 29kN earlier.

Take Fy =0,

Ay = 160-29 = 131 kN

Deformation
Step 2: Solve the circular arch geometry:
* Since this is semicircular, center of circle is same level as support.

Deformation
Step 3: Illustrate the problem by cutting at x

Step 4: Resolve all internal forces by using Equilibrium Equation.

Deformation
Discussion: What if the
applied load is in inclined or
distributed?

Deformation
Parabolic Arch Problem 2:
Calculate all the reaction forces as well as the bending moment, normal
thrust, and radical shear at the point D in parabolic arch:

Deformation
Deformation
Looking at Overall structure; take MA=0, yD = 5.25m, yB = 3.89m

Looking at Section CB; take Mc=0

Deformation
Deformation
SOLVE THE REST
OF PROBLEM 2
Answer:
ND = -105.7kN (C)
MD = 119.6kNm

Deformation
 References

Hibbeler R.C, (2012), “Structural Analysis, 8th Edition in S.I. Units”, Pearson,
Singapore
Hibbeler R.C, (2009), “Structural Analysis, 7th Edition in S.I. Units”, Pearson,
Singapore
Hibbeler R.C, (2006), “Structural Analysis, 6th Edition in S.I. Units”, Pearson,
Singapore
UiTM Structural Division (2003), “Basic Structural Analysis”, Cerdik Publications
Sdn. Bhd.
UiTM Structural Division (2003), “Basic Structural Mechanics”, Cerdik Publications
Sdn. Bhd.
Mc Cormac N., (1999), “Structural Analysis”, 2nd Edition, John Wiley and Sons.

Deformation
Deformation