HMT Chapter 1

HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER
HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER-Course overview

The Rocket escapes Earth’s atmospheric
resistance while a meteor does not. Why?
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1. Introductory concepts and Definitions

2. One dimensional Steady State Conduction
3. One-dimensional transient conduction
4. Concepts and basic relations in boundary layers

5. Forced Convection
6. Heat Exchangers
7. Condensation and Boiling

8. Radiation heat transfer
HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER :Course Outcomes (CO)
CO1: Identify the modes of heat and mass transfer

used in various applications
CO2: Apply steady and unsteady analysis for

insulation, fin and temperature measurements.
CO3:Analyze laminar and turbulent boundary layer

flow on internal and external regions.
HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER :Course Outcomes (CO)
CO4: Design shell and tube type heat
exchangers for convective heat
transfer applications.
CO5 :Analyze phase change and

radiation heat transfer processes in
thermal applications.
CO6: Draw technical inferences on

design of thermal equipment drawn
from articles after verification
Books and Resources
Text Books
1.Nicati Ozisik, Heat transfer-A basic approach,, TMH, 2002
2.M.Tirumaleshwar, Fundamentals of Heat and Mass
Transfer, Pearson education, 2009
References
3.Yunus A. Cengel, Heat transfer, a practical approach,
4thEdn., TMH , 2011.
4.Frank Kreith, Raj M. Manglik, Mark S. Bohn, Principles of
heat transfer, 7th, Cengage Learning, 2011.
5.Frank P. Incropera, David P. Dewitt, Fundamentals of Heat
and mass transfer, 6th, John Wiley, 2011.
6.P.K. Nag, Heat and Mass transfer, 3rd, Tata Mc Graw Hill,
2011.
7.https://nptel.ac.in/courses
Numerical Examples
Ex. 1: A steam pipe of outer radius 4cm is covered with a layer of asbestos insulation of
1cm thickness, thermal conductivity 0.15 W/moC which is in turn covered by 3cm
thick glass fibre insulation (k= 0.05 W/moC). The surface of steam pipe is at 330 oC
and outer surface of fibre glass is at 30 oC. Determine interface temperature and the
heat loss per meter length of pipe.
Numerical Examples
Ex. 2: Air at 20 oC blows over a 50 x 60 cm hot plate at 220 oC. The convective heat transfer
co-efficient is 25W/m2 K. What is the heat loss from the plate?
Numerical Examples
Ex. 3: A thin metal plate 0.1m by 0.1m is placed in a large evacuated container
whose walls are kept at 300K. The bottom surface of the plate is insulated,
and the top surface is maintained at 500K as a result of electric heating. If
the emissivity of the plate is 0.8, what is the rate of heat exchange between
the plate and the walls of the container take σ =5.67X10-8W/m2 K4
Numerical Examples
Ex. 4. A small hot surface at 430 K with an emissivity of 0.8 dissipates heat by
radiation into the surrounding at a temperature of 400 K. If this radiation is
characterized by radiation heat transfer coefficient hr calculate its value.
Mass Transfer basics
http://ecoursesonline.iasri.res.in/mod/page/view.php?id=2367
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki
https://giphy.com/
dc
Fick’s First Law of Diffusion J  D
dx
J : mass flux - No. of particles moving past a given region area per unit time mol m-2 s-1
D : ‘diffusion coefficient’ : m2 s-1
c : concentration of the gradient with units molecules m-3.

Fick's first law relates diffusive flux to concentration gradient. The flux moves from
region of higher concentration to region of low concentration, proportional to
concentration gradient
Fick's second law predicts how diffusion causes the concentration to change

with respect to time.
dc d 2c
D 2
dt dx
Boundary condition in Heat transfer analysis
BC of 1st kind: Specified Temperature Boundary condition

BC of 2nd kind: Specified heat flux BC

BC of 3rd kind: Specified convective BC

You are into thermal analysis of spherical spacecraft. Discuss likely boundary
conditions encountered in your investigations providing relevant equations
and diagrams.
General 3D- heat conduction equation

Cartesian co-ordinates : 3D- heat conduction Eq.
 2T  2T  2T g 1 T
2
 2  2   ;
x y z k  t
k
 m2 / s
C p
3D- heat conduction Eq.-Cylindrical Co-ordinates

3D- heat conduction Eq.-Spherical Co-ordinates

Ex. 5: A composite wall of a furnace has 3 layers of equal thickness

having thermal conductivities in the ratio of 1:2:4. What will
be temperature drop ratio across three respective layers?
Ex. 6: What is heat lost per hour across a wall 4m high, 10m long
and 115mm thick, if inside wall temperature is 30 oC and
outside ambient temperature is 10 oC? Conductivity of brick
wall is 1.15W/mK, heat transfer coefficient for inside wall is
2.5 W/m2K and that for outside wall is 4 W/m2 K.
Fourier’s law of heat conduction:

1-D Heat conduction
Fourier’s law of heat conduction:

1-D Heat conduction
Heat flow and temperature distribution- plane wall

Heat flow and temperature distribution-cylindrical shell

Heat flow and temperature distribution- spherical shell

Thermal resistance concept

The three layer furnace has inside silica (ki = 1.25 W/m K), outside
magnesia (ko = 3.8 W/m K) and intermediate Stainless steel
(kintermediate =10W/mK) with thicknesses 10 cm, 15cm and 5cm
respectively. The inside and outside surfaces are exposed to fluid
flows (hi=20 W/m2 K and ho=50 W/m2 K) at 1500C and -100C
respectively. Evaluate heat loss per m2 of furnace wall and
intermediate temperatures.
hi=20;
ho=50;
Ti=150oC
To=-10oC
HEAT
HEATAND
ANDMASS
MASSTRANSFER
TRANSFER
k1=1.25 W/mK; L1=0.1 m ;

R1=L1/k1=0.1/1.25=0.08
k2=10 W/mK; L2=0.15 m ;

R2=L2/k2=0.15/10=0.015
k3=3.8 W/mK; L3=0.05 m ;

R3=L3/k3=0.05/3.8=0.0131
Ri=1/hi=1/20=0.05; Ro=1/50=0.02
Rtotal=Ri+R1+R2+R3+Ro
=0.05+0.08+0.015+0.0131+0.02
Rtotal=0.1781 oC/W
Q=(Ti-To)/ Rtotal
=(150-(-10))/0.1781=898.37W
Ti  To Ti  T1 T1  T2
Q  
Rtotal Ri R1
T2  T3 T3  T4 T4  To
Q    898.3 W
R2 R3 Ro
T1  105.0815o C
T2  T1  QR1  33.2119 o C
T3  T1  QR2  19.736o C
T4  T3  QR3  7.96735o C

Ex. 7: A 5 cm ID, 7.6 cm OD steel tube (k= 25 W/m K) has 2

cm thick insulation (k= 0.2 W/m K). Hot gas at 2000C,
100 W/m2 K, flows on inner side of tube while outer
surface of insulation is exposed to air at 200C with 10
W/m2 k. Estimate heat transfer rate for a 10m tube
length, interface temperatures and overall heat transfer
coefficients (UO and Ui).
Data and Intermediate results
di 0.05 m tins 0.02 m

do 0.076 m
dins Th 200 oC
0.116 m
Ains 3.64472 m2 Tinf 20 oC
k 25 W/moC hi 100 W/m 2o
C
ho 10 W/m 2o
C
L 10 m
Final results
Rconv,i 0.006365372 Q 2658.224797

Rth1 0.000266525 T1 183.0794093
Rthins 0.033645516 T2 182.3709267
Rconv,o 0.02743695 T3 92.93358055
Rtotal 0.067714363 Ui 20
Uo 9.400328159
Critical thickness of insulation-sphere and cylinder

Industrial Insulations
Cylindrical Insulation shell

Steam pipe Insulation

Electric cable Insulation

Ex. 8: A 3.25 cm OD sphere at uniform temperature is

covered with an insulation [k = 0.15 W/m K] to alter
heat dissipation at outer surface exposed to constant
temperature medium with hO=15 W/m2 K. Determine
insulation radius that provides maximum heat
dissipation. Assess ratio of heat loss from sphere with
and without insulation for (i) insulation radius of rc (ii)
insulation 50% thicker than rc
Intermediate results
d 0.0325 m
kins 0.15 W/mK
h 15 W/m2K
rc 0.02 m
Ao 0.0050272 m2
Intermediate results
rc+ 0.021875 m
Ao+ 0.006013984 m2
Abare 0.003318738 m2
Rthins 6.1205503 oC/W
Rconv 13.261192 oC/W
Rtotal 19.381742 oC/W
Final solution
Qrc 0.051594947 1.036437

Qrc+ 0.051336884 1.031253
Qbare 0.049781063
Ex. 9: A circular steam conduit 20mm OD, 1mm thick and 2m

length (k=360 W/mK) transports 120 oC saturated
steam (h=100 W/m2 oC). The tube is exposed to 30 oC
with h=15 W/m2 oC. Glass wool (k=0.09 W/mK) with a
thickness 5mm higher than critical thickness of
insulation, calculate rate of heat loss by steam and rate
of condensation in kg/hr (hfg =2230 kJ/kg).
D1= 20 mm; D2= 22mm ; L=2m; kpipe =360

W/mK; h= 15 W/m2K ; kinsulation = 0.9 W/mK
Tamb = 30oC ; Tsteam = 120oC
 Ti  Tamb 
Q   
 Ri  Rwall  Rins  Ro 
 1   1 
Ri        0.0795 o C/W
 
 Ai hi   2    ri  L  h i 
 1 r2 
Rwall    In[ ]   2.016 10 5 o C/W
 2k wall L r1 
 1 r 
Rins    In[ 3 ]   0.157 o C/W
 2kins L r2 
 1   1 
Ro        0.0816 o C/W
A h  2  r  L  h 
 o o   3 o
 Ti  To   120  30 
Q        282.92 W
 Rtotal   0.3181 
 Q   282.92 
Rate of condensati on      * 3600 
 hfg   hfg 
 282.92 
  * 3600   0.4567 kg / hr
 (2230 *1000) 
Heat transfer in Extended surfaces- Fins
Fin geometries
Fin geometries
Fin- Energy balance

0.5
 hP 
m    :  ( x)  T ( x)  Tamb
 kA 
Long Fin- T(x)
  mx
e
o
End Insulated Fin- T(x)
 cosh m( L  x)

o cosh mL
End convective Fin- T(x)
 cosh m( L  x)  (h / mk ) sinh( L  x)

o cosh mL  (h / mk ) sinh L
Long fin (Qfin) End Insulated fin (Qfin)
Q  hPkA  o Q  hPkA  o tanh mL
End convective fin (Qfin)

sinh mL  (h / mk ) cosh mL
Q  hPkA  o 
cosh mL  (h / mk ) sinh mL
Fin- Heat transfer rate (Q)
Q  hPkA  o
Q  hPkA  o tanh mL
sinh mL  (h / mk ) cosh mL
Q  hPkA  o 
cosh mL  (h / mk ) sinh mL
Ex. 10 Aluminium rods (kAl=205 W/m0C) of 0.8 cm diameter and

long enough to have base at 1200C (plate) exposed to
air at 200C with heat transfer coefficient of 30 W/(m2 0C).
Find
(i) temperature at a point 0.2m from the fixed end
(ii) heat loss from 1mx1m plate attached with 20 such rods
Temperature at x= 0.5m from the fixed end

T(0.5)= ?
k 205 W/mK
d 0.8 m
h 30 W/m2oC
Tbase 120 o
C
Tinf 20 o
C
No of fins 20 No.s
plate 1 m
P 0.025136 m
A 0.0000502 m2
m 8.5539 m-1
T(0.2) 38.07 C
Qfin 8.8155 W
Qfins,20 176.310 W
Quncovered 2996.98 W
Qtotal 3173.29 W
Qunfinned 3000 W
Fin efficiency and fin effectiveness

fin effectiveness
fin efficiency
Area weighted fin efficiency

Ex. 12: A steel rod (k = 50 W/m0C) of diameter D=1.5 cm,

length L= 20 cm has one of its ends attached to heated
surface at 120oC while other end is insulated and
exposed to surrounding air at 250C with h = 30 W/m2 0C.
Evaluate heat loss through this fin surface and find out
the enhancement in heat transfer rate if 20 such rods are
fixed to 0.5 m x 0.5m plate at 120oC, subjected to
identical ambient conditions.
Given data :
k = 50 W/m0C; h = 30 W/m2 0C;
To=120oC ; Tamb=25oC
 2
P  D  0.04712m; A  D  0.000176m 2
4
0.5 0.5
 hP   30  0.04712 
m     12.674m 1
 kA   50  0.000176 
Q  (hPkA) 0.5 (To  Tamb ) tanh mL
Q fin  10.463 W
Qfins=(No. of fins) x (Qfin)=20(10.463)=209.26 W;

Auncovered part=0.24648 m2
Quncovered part= h x Auncovered x (To-Tamb)
=30 x 0.24648x (120-25)= 702.468 W

Qtotal,finned=Qfins+ Quncovered part
=209.26+702.468 = 911.728 W
Qplate= h A (To-Tamb)
= 30 x 0.25 x (120-25)=712.5 W
( Qtotal,finned / Qplate)
=(911.728 / 712.5) =1.279
Steady state conduction-internal heat generation

Ex. 13: A Slab of thickness, L and constant thermal

conductivity, k generates heat at constant rate of go
W/m3. The boundary at x=0 is insulated and that at x=L,
dissipates heat by convection to a fluid with ‘h’ and Tinf .
Develop expression for T(x) and heat flux q(x)
d 2T ( x) g o
2
 0 0 x L
dx k
dT ( x)
0 x0
dx
dT ( x)
k  hT  hT xL
dx
dT ( x) go
 x  C1 C1  0
dx k
go 2
T ( x)   x  C2
2k
g o L2 g o L
C2    T
2k h
g o L2   x 2  g oL
T ( x)  1       T
2k   L   h
dT ( x)
q( x)  k g ox
dx
Ex. 14: A solid cylinder of radius r=b generates heat at

constant rate of go W/m3. The boundary at x=b is at a
constant temperature of T2. Develop expression for
T(r) and heat flux q(r)
1 d  dT (r )  g o
r  0

r dr  dr  k  0r b
 dT (r ) 
 dr   0 at r  0
 
T ( r )  T2 at r  b
 dT (r )  go C1
 dr    2k r  r
 
go 2
T (r )   r  C1 In r  C 2
4k
C1  0
g ob2
C2   T2
4k
g ob2   r 2 
T (r )  1      T2
4k   b  
dT (r ) g o r
q(r )  k 
dr 2
Forms of Heat conduction equation
 2 T  2 T  2 T g o 1 T
 2  2   : Fourier ' s Equation
x 2
y z k  t
 2T  2T  2T g o
2
 2  2   0 : Poisson ' s Equation
x y z k
 2T  2T  2T
2
 2  2  0 : Laplace Equation
x y z
Concept of thermal contact resistance

Temperature drop at Interface

Analogy :Thermal and Electrical circuits

Temperature dependent thermal conductivity k(T)

d  dT ( x) 
 k (T )  0 0 x L
dx  dx 
T=To x=0 T=T1 x=L
A T2
Q   k (T )dT
L T1
Temperature dependent thermal conductivity k(T)
d  dT (r ) 
dr rk (T ) dr   0 a  r  b
 
T=To r=a T=T1 r=b
2L T2
Q 
In(b / a ) T1
k (T )dT

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HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER

HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER-Course overview

1. Introductory concepts and Definitions

4. Concepts and basic relations in boundary layers

7. Condensation and Boiling

CO1: Identify the modes of heat and mass transfer

CO2: Apply steady and unsteady analysis for

CO3:Analyze laminar and turbulent boundary layer

CO5 :Analyze phase change and

CO6: Draw technical inferences on

D : ‘diffusion coefficient’ : m2 s-1

c : concentration of the gradient with units molecules m-3.

Fick's second law predicts how diffusion causes the concentration to change

BC of 1st kind: Specified Temperature Boundary condition

BC of 2nd kind: Specified heat flux BC

BC of 3rd kind: Specified convective BC

General 3D- heat conduction equation

Cartesian co-ordinates : 3D- heat conduction Eq.

3D- heat conduction Eq.-Cylindrical Co-ordinates

3D- heat conduction Eq.-Spherical Co-ordinates

Ex. 5: A composite wall of a furnace has 3 layers of equal thickness

Fourier’s law of heat conduction:

Fourier’s law of heat conduction:

Heat flow and temperature distribution- plane wall

Heat flow and temperature distribution-cylindrical shell

Heat flow and temperature distribution- spherical shell

Thermal resistance concept

k1=1.25 W/mK; L1=0.1 m ;

k2=10 W/mK; L2=0.15 m ;

k3=3.8 W/mK; L3=0.05 m ;

T2  T1  QR1  33.2119 o C

T3  T1  QR2  19.736o C

T4  T3  QR3  7.96735o C

Ex. 7: A 5 cm ID, 7.6 cm OD steel tube (k= 25 W/m K) has 2

Data and Intermediate results

di 0.05 m tins 0.02 m

Rconv,i 0.006365372 Q 2658.224797

Critical thickness of insulation-sphere and cylinder

Cylindrical Insulation shell

Steam pipe Insulation

Electric cable Insulation

Ex. 8: A 3.25 cm OD sphere at uniform temperature is

Qrc 0.051594947 1.036437

Ex. 9: A circular steam conduit 20mm OD, 1mm thick and 2m

D1= 20 mm; D2= 22mm ; L=2m; kpipe =360

Heat transfer in Extended surfaces- Fins

Fin- Energy balance

End convective Fin- T(x)

Long fin (Qfin) End Insulated fin (Qfin)

Q  hPkA  o Q  hPkA  o tanh mL

End convective fin (Qfin)

Fin- Heat transfer rate (Q)

Ex. 10 Aluminium rods (kAl=205 W/m0C) of 0.8 cm diameter and

Temperature at x= 0.5m from the fixed end

Fin efficiency and fin effectiveness

Area weighted fin efficiency

Ex. 12: A steel rod (k = 50 W/m0C) of diameter D=1.5 cm,

k = 50 W/m0C; h = 30 W/m2 0C;

Q  (hPkA) 0.5 (To  Tamb ) tanh mL

Qfins=(No. of fins) x (Qfin)=20(10.463)=209.26 W;

Quncovered part= h x Auncovered x (To-Tamb)

=30 x 0.24648x (120-25)= 702.468 W

Qtotal,finned=Qfins+ Quncovered part

Steady state conduction-internal heat generation