FUNDAMENTALS OF

SURVEYING
Stadia Interval or
Intercept

WHAT IS THE TERM USED TO DESCRIBE THE DIFFERENCE

BETWEEN THE UPPER HAIR STADIA AND LOWER HAIR STADIA?
STADIA INTERVAL OR INTERCEPT

• - is the apparent distance between the points of the rod where

the upper and lower stadia heirs intersects in the rod
• - it is determined by subtracting the lower stadia reading from
the upper stadia reading
A TYPE OF SURVEY THAT SURVEYS ALL LAND WITHIN THE
JURISDICTION OF A MUNICIPALITY OR A CITY FOR THE PURPOSE
OF TAX MAPPING

• Cadastral Survey
CADASTRAL SURVEY

• Cadastral Act No. 2259 which govern Cadastral Survey, is intended primarily for the purpose of
quieting title to any land within a particular area by way of compulsory registration proceedings and
thus minimize land conflicts
• Some of the benefits that may result upon the completion of the Cadastral Survey in the area include:
agricultural development; comprehensive and accurate data on land resources of the country;
facilitate land disposition to qualified public land applicants; delineation of the boundaries of all
political units/subdivisions of the country as basis of a more accurate Internal Revenue Allotment
(IRA) for local government units; provide economic data for land-based development studies; and
provide map-based data for zoning, land use programming, and a more reliable tax mapping
THE TERM USED TO DESCRIBE THE DIFFERENCE
IN ELEVATION BETWEEN TWO POINTS

• Differential Levelling
DIFFERENTIAL LEVELLING

• A leveling method which involves a series or sets of obervations

• HI=BS+ELEVATION
• ELEVATION=HI-FS
• HI=BS+ELEVATION
A TYPE OF SURVEY USUALLY ADAPTED FOR
LINEAR PROJECTS

• Plane Survey
WHAT TYPE OF MEASUREMENT WHEN AN
ANGLE IS MEASURED BY A PROTRACTOR?

• Degree
THE SCIENCE OF MEASUREMENT AND
DESCRIPTION OF FEATURES WHICH
AFFECT MARITIM NAVIGATION,
MARINE CONSTRUCTION, DREDGING
AND RELATED ACTIVITIES

HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEY
HYDROGRAPHIC
SURVEY
• Hydrographic surveying or
bathymetric surveying is the
survey of physical features
present underwater. It is the
science of measuring all
factors beneath water that
affect all the marine activities
like dredging, marine
constructions, offshore
drilling etc. 
A TYPE OF SURVEY EMPLOYED FOR
UNDERGROUND  SURVEY ACTIVITIES

• Mine or Underground Surveying

UNDERGROUND SURVEYING

• Underground surveying embraces the survey operations performed beneath the surface of
the earth in connection with tunneling, exploration and construction in subterranean
passageways.
 IT IS DEFINED AS A PROCEDURE OF
OBTAINING HORIZONTAL DISTANCES
AND DIFFERENCE IN ELEVATION
BASED ON THE OPTICAL GEOMETRY
OF THE INSTRUMENT

TACHEOMETRY
 TACHEOMETRY

• Tacheometry is a system of rapid surveying, by which

the horizontal and vertical positions of points on the
earth's surface relative to one another are determined
without using a chain or tape, or a separate levelling
instrument
WHICH METHOD OF MEASURING DISTANCE WILL RESULT TO
HIGHER DEGREE OF ACCURACY? IS IT PACING OR TAPING? WHY?

• Taping
TAPING

• Taping is the linear measurement of the horizontal distance

between two points using a surveyor's tape
• Compare to pacing, there are somethings to consider in
measuring the distance (big area, weather, uneven location)
WHAT IS THE REASON
WHY THE
CONFIGURATION OF THE
EARTH SURFACE IN
PLANE SURVEYING
IS NEGLECTED?
IS IT BECAUSE IN PLANE SURVEYING
THE AREA IS SMALL