CULTURAL VARIATIONS AND SOCIAL

DIFFERENCES ON EXCEPTIONALITY/
NON-EXCEPTIONALITY AND
NATIONALIATY
Objectives:
 differentiate disability, exceptionality and non-exceptionality;
 identify the similarities and differences between nationality and ethnicity;
 articulate observations on human cultural variation, social differences,
social change in terms of Exceptionality/ Non-exceptionality and
Nationality;
 identify implications of these variations and differences; and
 suggest ways to mitigate issues and challenges arising from nationality and
differences on exceptionality

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Motivation

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Process Questions:

What have you notice about

the photos?

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Process Questions:

What labels you and your

people use referring to these
people?
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Introduction
In the previous topics, we discussed about social and cultural
differences of members of society in relation to gender,
socioeconomic class, and ethnicity and religion. Still, there are other
factors that constitute social, cultural, and political differences among
people. If you can observe your surroundings, you can probably
recognize some people who are afflicted with some form of disability,
which can either be physical or mental. These disabilities are
considered one part of exceptionality/non-exceptionality. In this topic
we will also tackle another social difference on nationality.

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DISABILITY, EXCEPTIONALITY,
AND NON-EXCEPTIONALITY
Disability
Disability is a term that refers to a condition
wherein the loss of physical functioning (e.g.
hearing, and vision), or impairments in
intellectual, social, and mental processes hinder
normal growth and development of an individual.
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Exceptionality
It is more encompassing than disability.
Exceptionality is a concept that describes how an
individual’s specific abilities and functioning—
physical, intellectual, or behavioral are different
from the established normal or typical qualities.
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Non-exceptionality
The concept of non-exceptionality is only
used to differentiate between the
exceptional ones and those that are
considered normal or ‘non-exceptional’.
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LABELS AND STATUS OF THE
EXCEPTIONAL
Labels are used in order for societal members to have
a grasp of the different types of exceptionalities.
Terms like ‘gifted’, ‘talented’, ‘special child’, ‘deaf’,
‘blind’, and ‘dyslexic’ are only some of the labels
used by people to refer to individuals possessing
characteristics or ability of the exceptional. A
repercussion of using labels is a greater chance for
stereotyping, stigmatization, and discrimination.
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 The possibility of stereotypes, stigmas, and discrimination against
exceptional people may be promoted by labels attributed to them.
However, we cannot still deny that such labels still have a significance
since they establish who needs further care and attention by society.
Whether gifted or disabled, society must ensure that exceptional people
will receive benefits from “individualized assistance, support,
accommodations in schools and community settings”, in order to advance
their developments. In addition, laws and legislations that support their
acceptance and inclusion to the society are essential. Establishment of
organizations that cater to the needs of the exceptional must also be a
priority.

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Challenges among People with
Exceptionality Condition
Challenges
 Discrimination
 Limited access to educational opportunities
 Limited services from the government
 Segregation or isolation from society
 Unrealistic expectations from society
 Non-recognition of some economic, social, and political rights
 Social, emotional, and psychological acceptance

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Here are some ways on how both
private and public sectors have been
helping them
 Employment
 The law prohibits companies from discriminating against
employees with disabilities
 Some companies of business provide employment solely for
exceptional people
 The government provides training and livelihood programs
for persons with disabilities (PWD) in case of unemployment

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 Health
 The government issue identification cards for
PWDs that entitle them to a discount of at least
20% on medicines and health services.
 The government has also started giving out free
prosthetic (artificial limbs to qualified
beneficiaries

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 Education
 All public schools are required by the government to provide
special education classes for underprivileged children with
developmental or physical disabilities
 All establishment including schools are required to provide
ramps for students with disabilities
 Some foundations and concerned individuals provide
scholarships for students suffering from disabilities

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Public Accommodations

 All public accommodations and services such as

buses, trains, movie houses and hotels are required to
have specific areas for PWDs
 Public accommodations also have an obligation to
provide special discounts for all sales and purchases
made by PWDs.

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Other Auxiliary Services

 All broadcasting networks are required to provide a

sign language translation for all news broadcast of
national importance including from the President.

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Nationality
Nationality
Nationality may simply be defined as a
person’s belonging to a specific nation or
nation-state.

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 Difference Between
Nationality and Ethnicity
 Nationality is a much broader concept than ethnicity. Several ethnic groups or
ethnicities are possible to only have one similar nationality.
 Ethnicity considers similar cultural characteristics as determinants of one’s
nationality; while Nationality places high value to one’s membership and allegiance
to a particular country.
 Philippines is home for more than a hundred ethnic groups representing the same
amount of ethnicities. The shared culture among these groups—their language,
religion, traditions, and practices—strengthens the group’s ethnicity. However, these
cultural characteristics do not determine their nationality, but rather their
membership to a nation-state.

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Acquisition of Nationality
Jus Sanguini
Jus sanguinis (translated as “right of blood”), nationality
and citizenship are determined by the parent’s nationality.
The Philippines implements this nationality law in
determining its citizens. A child of two Filipino parents is
born in the Philippines, the child will also be Filipino. In
the same way, an American national giving birth to a child
in the Philippine lands, passes its nationality to the child
by virtue of jus sanguinis.
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Jus Soli
Jus soli (translated as “right of soil”), one’s nationality is
determined by the territory or land in which the child is
born. The United States of America employs this type of
nationality law, which means that everybody who is born
in USA, regardless of their parent’s nationalities, will be
claimed by the American government as American
nationals.

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NOTE!!!
Another way of obtaining nationality is through
naturalization, which is a legal process of acquiring
citizenship and nationality from a different state. Both the
nationalities of foreigners from their country for people
born in the Philippines to non-Filipino parents, the
Administrative Naturalization Law of 2000 (R.A. 9139)
provides an avenue for administrative naturalization.

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CITIZENSHIP
Citizenship is a person’s legal and political status in a city or state,
which means that an individual has been registered with the
government in some country. An individual becomes a citizen of a
country only when he or she is accepted into that country’s political
framework through legal terms. An individual born in the Philippines
has a Filipino nationality. He may, however, apply for citizenship in
another country, should he wish to (e.g. a Filipino national applying
for citizenship in Mexico). No one will be able to change his
nationality, but one can have a different citizenship.

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 30

“Their ability is more than

their disability.”

“
Thanks!
Any questions ?

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