Sejarah

Kendaraan
Sulaeman Deni Ramdani
History of Vehicle Development

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Sejarah Perkembangan Mobil

• kemunculan mobil dimulai pada 1769, berkat seorang ilmuwan

dari Prancis yang bernama Nicolas J. Cugnot menggunakan
mesin uap
• Joseph E. Lenoir berhasil menciptakan mesin dengan bahan
bakar campuran batu bara, gas, dan udara atmosfer pada tahun
1860 Insert or Drag and Drop your Image
• Di tahun 1876, seorang ahli mesin asal Jerman, Nicolaus August
Otto, berhasil mengembangkan mesin berbahan bakar bensin 4
langkah pertama yang efektif.
• 29 Agustus 1885 di Jerman, Gottlieb Daimler bersama Wilhelm
Maybach mematenkan sepeda motor bensin pertama di dunia.
• Mesin Diesel ditemukan pada tahun 1892 oleh Rudolf Diesel,
yang menerima paten pada 23 Februari 1893.

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ICE Performance Characteristics

• fuel efficiency,
• thermal efficiency,
• work efficiency, and
• engine emissions, among others. Insert or Drag and Drop your Image

• discuss
• power-to-weight ratio,
• air-to-fuel ratio,
• power-to volume ratio, and
• volumetric efficiency.

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Power-to-Weight Ratio

• Power-to-weight ratio is the engine’s power output to

the weight of the vehicle; it evaluatesengine
performance, regardless of vehicle size.
• Generally, a power-to-weight ratio value is a
compromise between comfort, fuel economy, and Insert or Drag and Drop your Image
emissions

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Air–Fuel Ratio

• Both gasoline and diesel fuels are a composition of

hydrocarbons (made from hydrogen, oxygen and
carbon).
• They react with the oxygen available in the air to
kindle burning. Insert or Drag and Drop your Image
• In an internal combustion engine, the air (oxygen)
available in the cylinder can burn a portion of fuel.
• If the amount of fuel is greater than the air available
(rich fuel mixture), some unburned fuel will remain
after combustion occurs.

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Power-to-Volume Ratio

• The power-to-volume (compression) ratio is the ratio

between the generated power and volume of air–fuel
mixture at the beginning and end of the compression
stroke.
• an engine with a higher compression ratio generates Insert or Drag and Drop your Image
more mechanical energy for a specific mass of air–fuel
mixture.

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Volumetric Efficiency

• Volumetric efficiency measures the effectiveness of an engine’s intake

process and provides a ratio of the amount of air–fuel drawn in the
combustion chamber and the theoretical maximum.

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ICE Vehicle Emissions

• Vehicle emissions are one of the key contributors to environmental air

pollution and global climate change.
• Gasoline and diesel fuels are a mixture of hydrocarbons (made of
hydrogen, oxygen and carbon atoms), while air is mainly composed of
nitrogen (N2) and oxygen (O).
• The main emissions from vehicles are carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon
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monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC), particulate matters (PM), nitrogen
oxides (NOx), nitrous oxide (N2O), and methane (CH4).

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Vehicle Emission Control Technologies

• Advanced Engine Design

• Variable Valve Timing
• Turbocharging Systems
• Catalytic Converters
• The Two-Way Catalyst
• The Three-Way Catalyst Insert or Drag and Drop your Image
• Diesel Oxidation Catalyst (DOC)
• Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)
• Nitrogen–Oxide (NO) Adsorber Catalystx
• The Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF)
• Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR)
• Crankcase Emission Control System

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Vehicles with Alternative Fuels

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Thank You
Jens Martensson
jens@bellowscollege.com