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IIT Bombay

Course Code : EE 611

Department: Electrical Engineering

Instructor Name: Jayanta Mukherjee

Email: jayanta@ee.iitb.ac.in

Lecture 2

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Overview of the course (Recap)
• In this course we will study the basic passive devices used
in microwave systems

• Passive devices are those which do not produce any power

themselves i.e. there is never any gain involved

• These include impedance matching networks, couplers, filters,

attenuators, phase shifters etc

• Electromagnetic theory combined with Network Theory

• Basic parameters used in designs of microwave systems

e.g., S parameters, impedance issues etc.

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Distributed circuit theory
At low frequencies circuits are designed using circuit theory.
Circuit theory relies on basic lumped elements derived from
Maxwell’s equations such as:

• inductors

• capacitors

• resistors

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Distributed circuit theory
Similarly at microwave frequencies we will design microwave
Circuits using distributed circuit theory. Distributed circuit
theory relies on basic elements also derived from Maxwell’s
Equations, such as:

• transmission lines

• shorted stubs (generalized inductors)

• open stubs (generalized capacitors)

• coupled lines

• Tapered lines
Besides using lumped elements of regular circuit theory
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Attributes of Distributed circuit theory

• Unlike Maxwell’s equation based analysis and like traditional

circuit theory, it is simpler to use

• The traditional circuit theory is a subset of distributed circuit

theory

• New design techniques and synthesis theorems exist in

distributed circuit theory without equivalent in traditional
circuit theory

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Guided Wave System
Guided waves as opposed to waves in free space can flow through
the following types of systems
• Transmission line system featuring 2 or more conductors
guiding the waves eg, co-axial cable, telegraph lines,
parallel plate

• Closed metallic waveguides consisting of hollow conductive

pipes guiding the waves along the z axis, eg rectangular
waveguide

• Dielectric waveguides typically consisting of a material with

a high dielectric constant (slab of rod) sandwiched by materials
with low dielectric constants eq microstrip, stripline

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Guided Wave System

Coaxial Cable
Two wire

Rectangular Waveguide Microstrip

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Electromagnetic Waves
Maxwell’s Equations B
 E  
D   t
B  0 D
 H  J
t
E is the electric field intensity, in V/m
H is the magnetic field intensity, in A/m
D is the electric flux density, in Coul/m2
B is the magnetic flux density, in Wb/m 2
J is the electric current density, in A/m 2
ρ is the electric charge density, in Coul/m3

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Electromagnetic Waves
H  B
D  E

Assuming  and  are scalars then Maxwell’s equations in free

space becomes (=J=0)

B
D  0  E  
t
D
B  0  H 
t

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Derivation of wave equation in free

space

    E     B 
t
2
2  E
    E   E    2
t
Wave equation in free space
2
2  E
 E   2  0
t
2
2  H
 H   2  0
t

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Sinusoidal Time Dependence

So far time dependence has not been specified

E is a function of space and time {E(x,y,z,t)}

We will assume cosine time dependence


E( x , y , z ,t )  Re E( x , y , z )e jt 

H ( x , y , z ,t )  Re H ( x , y , z )e jt 
Solution only for spatial components

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Sinusoidal Time Dependence

The wave equations are then modified to

 2 E  2 E  0
 2 H  2 H  0

Helmhotz equations

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Modes in Waveguide Systems

Various modes of electromagnetic waves can propagate in

Transmission lines and waveguide systems

• TEM waves (Transverse Electromagnetic) : E z  H z  0

• TE waves (Transverse Electric) or H waves: H z  0 , E z  0

• TM waves (Transverse Magnetic) or E waves: E z  0 , H z  0

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TEM Waves (Refer Pozar Ch 3)

• TEM waves require at least two conductors

• Other propagation modes TE and TM are possible in systems

supporting TEM mode but are usually not desired

• Example of the coaxial line

The TEM mode will be the only mode propagating in the
frequency range
c
0  f  f c ( TE11 ) 
a  b   r  r
a

Where fc(TE11) is the cutoff frequency at which the TE11 mode

(transverse electric mode) starts to propagate in the coaxial cable

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2 conductor waveguiding systems

supporting the TEM mode
I

I
I
I

E
Microstrip
H

2 wire Co-axial

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An example – Parallel Plate Waveguide

y

TEM wave solution d

V0  jkz x
ˆ
H ( x, y , z )  x e z
W

d

V0  jkz
E ( x, y, z )   yˆ e
d

 , V0  Voltage between plates, k   

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An example – Parallel Plate Waveguide

TM mode
ny  jz
E z ( x, y, z )  An sin e
d
j ny  jz
Hx  An cos e
kc d
 j ny  jz
Ey  An cos e
kc d
n 2
E x  H y  0, kc  ,k  ,  k 2  k c2
d 
• Various “modes” are present
• A cutoff frequency fc such that for f<fc , k<kc,and β is imaginary
• Treatment for TE mode is similar
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TEM Mode in a Coaxial System

BNC APC 7mm APC 7mm SMA

BNC f < 1 or 4 GHz

APC 7mm (sex less) f < 18 GHz
APC 3.5 mm f < 34 GHz
a
SMA f < 24 GHz
b

SSMA f < 38 GHz

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Modes in hollow waveguides

No TEM mode can propagate in waveguides (only one conductor)
Condiser the rectangular waveguide. The dominant mode is
(lowest cutoff)TE10 . The mode only propagates for frequencies
Verifying:
  c ,10  2a
1
f  f c ,10  H
2a  l/2
H E

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Rectangular Waveguide Fundamental

Mode
The propagation constant β for TE10 is given in terms of the
frequency ω by w
2 2
2 2 m   n 
2
            
c
 a
0
  b  vp
vg
with, c  2f c ,    0c   0 /  wc
2 2
g   
 k
b

Dispersion curves for a waveguide (full line) and a TEM mode

(dashed line)

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Phase and Group Velocity

The phase velocity (cordal slope) and the group velocity (differential
Slope) are respectively larger and smaller than the speed of light
In the dielectric material considered:
 1  w
v p   cd   vg 
  
vp
vg
wc

b
• Faster than light ?
• No information is carried by the wave with the phase velocity vp
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Group Velocity and EM modes

• Group velocity vg gives the velocity of the information

transmission

• The group velocity can be frequency dependent (e.g.

waveguide) As a result signals at different frequencies will be
transmitted at different speeds leading to the distortion of the
wave packets transmitted Such a communication medium
is said to be dispersive

• On the contrary TEM modes are not dispersive as they verify

 1 
vp   c   vg 
  
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Distributed Circuit Theory

The development of a distributed circuit theory is based on the

Introduction of a local voltage V(z,t) and local current I(z,t) from the
Electric field E(x,y,z,t) and magnetic fields H(x,y,z,t)

In a transmission line system a voltage between the conductors

C1 and C2 can be obtained from the following path integration

C2
V ( z , t )    E ( x, y, z , t )  dl
C1

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Distributed Circuit Theory

Similarly the current flowing in conductor C1 or C2 is obtained from

The closed path integration:

I ( z, t )   H(x,y,z,t)  dl
C1 or C2

For TEM modes these integrations are path independent and

The voltage and current so defined assume a unique value

For TE and TM modes the integrations are path dependent and

Hence the voltages , currents and impedance are not uniquely
define.
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Wave Equations for Transmission Lines

Using Maxwell Equations
The solution of the wave equation derived from Maxwell’s Equation
leads to a voltage wave of the form:
V ( z , t )  V0 e j t  z   V0 e j t  z 
And a current wave of the form:
V0 j t  z  V0 j t  z 
I ( z, t )  e  e
Z0 Z0

Where     is the propagation constant

And where Z0 is the characteristic impedance

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Proof

Wave equation in free space

2 2
2  E 2  H
 E   2  0 and  H   2  0
t t
TEM waves are of the following form (     )

E ( x, y, z, t )  E ( x, y )e j (t  z )  E ( x, y )e j (t  z )
H ( x, y, z , t )  H  ( x, y )e j (t  z )  H  ( x, y )e j (t  z )

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Proof

Voltage wave between conductors C1 and C2

C2
V ( z , t )    E ( x, y, z , t )  dl
C1
C2 C2
 -  E ( x, y )  dl e j(t  z )   E ( x, y )  dl e j (t  z )
C1 C1

 V0 e j (t  z )  V0 e j(ω( z )

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Proof

Current wave in conductors C1 or C2

I ( z, t )   H(x,y,z,t)  dl
C1 or C2

 H  ( x, y )  dl e j (t  z )   H  ( x, y )  dl e j (t  z )
C1 or C2 C1 or C2

 I 0 e j (t  z )  I 0 e j(ω(  z )

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Characteristic Impedance from Maxwell

Equation
Using equation 3.18 in Pozar


H   ẑ  E  and


H   dl  



ẑ  E  dl    dl  ẑ  E    E` n
 
 
with n a normalized vector normal to C2. The characteri stic impedence Z 0
defined from the voltage to current wave qamplitude ratios :
C2 C2

E  x , y  dl E  x , y  dl
V0 C1  C1
Z0   
I 0
 H  x , y  dl 
 nE  x , y 
C2 C2

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Quasi-TEM mode in Microstrip line

Strip
conductor
dielectric
er
t
W

Ground
plane

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Quasi-TEM mode in Microstrip line

• The TEM derivation holds for 2 conductor systems with a uniform

dielectric between the two conductors
• In the case of a microstrip system, two different dielectric
materials with dielectric constant 0 (air) and 1 are used
• In such a case an effective dielectric constant can be defined for
the quasi-TEM mode such that if it were the only dielectric
material present in the system, the same capacitance per unit
length would result
e0
e eff
e e0
1

C C0 C

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Effective Dielectric Constant

e0
e eff
e e0
1

C C0 C
The effective dielectric constant can be obtained from the
Capacitance per unit length C and C0 from the above systems
From C/εeff = C0/ ε0 we have:
εeff = ε0(C/C0)
For such a quasi-TEM mode the propagation constant is then
Now given by     eff  and the characteristic impedance by :

1  eff
Z0  
v pC C
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Approximate Formula for Microstrip

Strip
conductor
dielectric
er
t
W

Ground r  1 r  1 1
plane  eff  
2 2 h
1  12
W
60  8h W 
Z0  ln   for w/h  1
 eff  W 4 h 
120 1
Z0   for w/h  1
 eff W W 
 1.393  0.667 ln  1.444 
h  h 
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Wave Impedance for Waveguides

The definition of a unique voltage is not possible in a waveguide

depending of the choice selected the characteristic impedance for
the TE mode in a rectangular waveguide is found to be

l/2
H

H E

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Wave Impedance for Waveguides

Z0,TE10  E x / H y
k 0
 with  
10 0

• The characteristic impedance is not uniquely defined in

waveguides
• However once a definition has been selected the voltage and
current waves can be productively used to design waveguide
circuits.

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Intrinsic Impedance
   /
 intrinsic impedance of the medium. The impedance only
depends on the material properties of the medium
 wave impedance for TEM mode
• The characteristic impedance is not uniquely defined in
waveguides
• However once a definition has been selected the voltage and
current waves can be productively used to design waveguide
circuits.

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