General Biology 2

This subject is design to enhance the understanding of the

principles and concepts in the study of biology particularly
heredity and variation, and diversity of living organism,
and their structure, function and evolution.
Quarter 3 Week 1
Objectives
Outline the process involve in genetic
engineering .
Discuss the application of Recombinant
DNA.
DNA- Deoxyribonucleic Acid
Genetic Engineering
 The artificial manipulation and
recombination of DNA or other nucleic
acid molecules in order to modify an
organism or population of organism
Classical Breeding
The practice of mating or breeding
selected organism with the desirable traits
Steps in Classical Breeding
1. Determine the trait significant enough to
be chose.
2. Select parent exemplify these traits
3. Choose the best offprings from parents to
produce the next generation
4. Repeat the process
Recombinant DNA Technology
1. Introduction of new traits into organism
Enhancement of a present trait by
increasing the expression of the desired
gene
Enhancement of present trait by
disrupting the inhibition of the desired
gene’s expression
Steps in Recombinant DNA Technology
Selection and isolation of DNA insert
Selection of suitable cloning vector
Introduction of DNA- insert into vector to
form recombinant DNA molecule
DNA introduce into a suitable host
Selection of transformed host cell
Expression and Multiplication of DNA
insert in the host
Territories where Recombinant DNA will
have an effect
Better Crops
Recombinant Vaccine(Hepatitis B)
Prevention and fix of sickle cell anemia
Prevention and fix cystic fibrosis
Production o clotting factor
Production of insulin
Production of recombinant drugs
Plants that produce their own bugs spray
Germ line and somatic quality treatment
Q3 WEEK 2 History of Life on Earth
Describe general features of the history of
life on earth including generally accepted
dates and sequence of the geologic time
scale and the characteristics of major
groups of organisms present during these
period of time
EARTH
Geologic Time Scale
A record of all life forms and geological events in
Earth’s history
6 billion years ago to present
Earth History is divided into
Eons
Eras
Periods
Epochs
Fossils- remnant, impression or trace of an animal or
plant of a past geologic age that has been preserved in
Earth’s crust.
 Eras
1.Precambrian 4.5 million years about 88% of Earth’s history

Hadean- atmosphere and oceans form

Archean-cyanobacteria appear
Proterozoic-first soft bodied
2. Paleozoic Era- ancient old life started more than 540 million years
ago

1.Cambrian explosion-The era began with spectacular burst of new life.

This called the Cambrian explosion
Many types of primitive animals called sponges evolved
Small ocean invertebrates trilobites were abundant
2. Ordovician Period
The oceans were filled with invertebrates of many types
The first fish evolved
Plants colonized the land for the first time, but animals still remain in the
water
3.Silurian
In the ocean, corals appeared the fish continued to evolve.
On the land , vascular plants appeared . With special tissues to circulate
water and other materials they could grow larger than earlier, non vascular
plants.
4. Devonian- the first seed has evolved. Seeds has a protective coat and stored food
to help them survive. Seed plant eventually became the most common type of land
plants.
Fish with lobe fins evolve they could breathe air when they raised their head above
water. Breathing would be necessary for animals to eventually colonize the land.
5.Carboniferous period – widespread of forest of huge plants left massive deposits of
carbon that eventually turned to coal
The first amphibian evolved to colonize the land but they had to return to water to
reproduce
Soon after the amphibians arose. The first reptiles evolve. They were the first
animals that could reproduce on land.
6.Permian Period
All the major land masses collided to form a supercontinent called pangea
Temperature were extreme and the climate was dry.
Plants and animals evolved adaptations to dryness such as waxy leaves or leathery
skin to prevent water loss
The permian ended with a mass extinction
Mesozoic Era-middle life started more than 280 million years ago
Age of Reptiles, Era of dinosaurs

1.Triassic – the dinosaurs branched off from the reptiles and colonized the land, air,
water
Huge seed ferns and conifers dominated the forests and modern corals, fish, and insects
evolved.
The triassic period ended up with a massive extinction

2. Jurassic Period- The Golden Age Of Dinosours

All major group of mammals evolve through individual mammals were still small in
size
Flowering plants appeared for the firs time and new insects also evolved to pollinate
the flowers
The continents continue to move apart, and volcanic activity was especially intense
3.Cretaceous Period

 Dinosaurs reach the peak size and distribution.

 Earths overall climate was warm;even the poles lacked ice.
 This period ended with the dramatic extinction of the dinosaurs.
Cenozoic Era –Recent life started 65 million
years ago and continues up to present

Age of Mammals
Epoch
Smallest Division of Geologic Time
Scale