UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF
ENGINEERING
Bachelor of Engineering (Aerospace Engineering)
DISCOVER . LEARN .
EMPOWER
AST-310
Academic Session : July- Dec 2020
Semester : V
Mr. UMA SHANKER
Faculty of Aerospace Department,
Chandigarh University
uma.e8134@cumail.in
Primary Goals
This undergraduate level course of Aircraft Structures-II identify the effects of
various stresses acting on internal and external aircraft structures which are mostly
symmetrical and unsymmetrical sections having its relevance to Aerospace Structural
applications.
The primary goal of this course is to learn about the various stresses in the form of
bending, shearing and torsion on a various thin and thick aircraft structural parts i.e.
fuselage, wings structures, empenage section and landing gear structure. The primary
factors to consider in aircraft structures are strength, weight, and reliability etc.
3
COURSE PRE-REQUISITES
Students are expected to have a basic understanding of aircraft structural
parts mostly subjected to five types of stresses.
Additionally, students must have taken a course of Strength of Materials an
Aircraft Structures-I which involves the conceptual and mathematical
analysis etc.
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COURSE OBJECTIVE
Students successfully completing this topics will learn:
• To understand the torsional stresses acting on a symmetrical and
unsymmetrical aircraft structural sections (Thin Walled sections) in typical
aerospace structural applications.
• This course identify about the loading systems acting on various aircraft
structural parts where the stress variations are important and must be taken
into account.
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Lect-22-B
SYLLABUS
CHAPTER-2 SHEAR FLOW IN CLOSED SECTIONS
Bredt - Batho theory – single-cell and multi-cell tubes subject to torsion –
torsion of closed and open section beams– shear flow distribution in thin-
walled single & multi-cell structures subject to combined bending torsion – with
walls effective and ineffective in bending, membrane analogy
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Lect-22-B
TOPICS COVERED
Shear flow distribution in thin-walled single & multi-cell structures subject to
combined bending torsion with walls effective and ineffective in bending
Membrane analogy
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Shear flow distribution in thin-walled single & multi-cell structures
subject to combined bending torsion with walls effective and ineffective in
bending
• Thus far, we have concentrated on the
bending of shell beams.
• In the general case a beam is subjected
to:
•axial load, F
• bending moments, M
• shear forces, S
• torque (torsional moments), T
Shear flow distribution in thin-walled single & multi-cell structures
subject to combined bending torsion with walls effective and
ineffective in bending
• Idealize the cross-section of the shell beam into two parts:
1- Parts that carry extensional stress, σxx (and thus the bending and axial loads)
2- Parts that carry shear stress σxs (and thus the shear loads and torques)
Two examples again…
1- high aspect ratio wing with semi-monocoque construction Notes:
2- monocoque construction
– all in one piece without internal framing
– from French “coque” meaning “eggshell”
– “mono” = one piece
- semi-monocoque – stressed skin construction with internal framework – still have
“eggshell” to carry shear stresses, σxs – internal framework to carry axial stress, σxx
Thick Skin Shell into Bending Areas and Skin
Shear flow distribution in thin-walled single & multi-cell structures
subject to combined bending torsion with walls effective and ineffective
in bending
Continue.
Membrane analogy
• For a number of cross-sections, we cannot find stress functions.
However, we can resort to an analogy introduced by Prandtl (1903).
• Consider a membrane under pressure pi “Membrane”: structure whose
thickness is small compared to surface dimensions and it (thus) has
negligible bending rigidity (e.g. soap bubble) ⇒ membrane carries load
via a constant tensile force along itself.
• Membrane is 2-D analogy of a string (plate is 2-D analogy of a beam)
Stretch the membrane over a cutout of the cross-sectional shape in the x-
y plane:
N = constant tension force per unit length [lbs/in] [N/M]
Look at this from the side:
• Assume: lateral displacements (w) are small such that no
appreciable changes in N occur. We want to take equilibrium of a
small element: ∂w/ ∂x ∂w/ ∂y (assume small angles,)
• We look at equilibrium in the z direction. Take the z-components
of N:
• z-component = −N sin ∂w/∂y (note minus sign due to +z
direction)
• for small angle: sin ∂w /∂y = ∂w /∂y
⇒ z-component = −N(∂w/ ∂y) (acts over dx face)
• TEXT BOOKS
• 1. Megson T M G , ‘Aircraft Structures for Engineering Students’, Edward Arnold,1995.
• 2. Bruhn. E.H., ‘Analysis and Design of Flight Vehicles Structures’, Tri-state offset company,
USA, 1985.
• 3. Howard D Curtis, ‘Fundamentals of Aircraft Structural Analysis’, WCBMcGraw Hill, 1997.
•
• REFEENCES
• 1. Rivello, R.M., Theory and Analysis of Flight Structures, McGraw Hill, 1993.
• 2. Peery, D.J., and Azar, J.J., Aircraft Structures, 2nd edition, McGraw – Hill, N.Y., 1999.
