Balanced Three-Phase Circuits

CHAPTER 11
BALANCED
THREE–PHASE CIRCUITS
오후 2시 51분 http://hci.skku.ac.kr 1
CONTENTS
11.1 Balanced Three-Phase Voltages ------------3
11.2 Three-Phase Voltage Sources ---------------6
11.3 Analysis of the Wye-Wye Circuit ---------10
11.4 Analysis of the Wye-Delta Circuit --------20
11.5 Power Calculations in Balanced Three-Phase
Circuits -------------------------------------------26
11.6 Measuring Average Power in Three-Phase
Circuits ----------------------------------------------40
11.1 Balanced Three-Phase Voltages
A basic three-phase circuit
Balanced three sinusoidal voltages : identical amplitudes and frequencies but

120
out of phase each other.
The abc (positive)

phase sequence
( 상순 )
The acb (negative)

phase sequence
Phasor diagrams of a balanced set of three-phase voltages
• Sum of balanced three-phase voltages : 0.
Va  Vb  Vc  0.
• Phasor voltages 의 합이 0 이므로 instantaneous voltages 의 합도 역시 0

va  vb  vc  0.
11.2 Three-Phase Voltage Sources
generator( 발전기 )
A sketch of a three-phase voltage source
Rotor of the generator : electromagnet driven by prime mover, such as a

steam or gas turbine.
The two basic connections of an ideal

three-phase source.
그림 11.4
A Y-connected source A ∆-connected source

• Separate phase windings 을 연결하여 three-phase source 를 만드는
 delta( )
방법은 두 가지 ( 그림 11.4) : wye(Y) or
• Y-connected source 에서 neutral terminal( labeled n ) 은 외부와 연결을

위하여 밖으로 나올 수도 있고 아닐 수도 있음
A model of a three-phase source with winding impedance:
(a) A Y-connected source

(b) A ∆-connected source
• Three-phase sources and loads can be either Y connected or 

connected( 아래 표 참조 ) :
Source Load
Y Y
Y 
 Y
 
11.3 Analysis of the Wye-Wye Circuit
A three-phase Y-Y system

• Z ga , Z gb , Z gc : internal impedance associated with each phase winding of
voltage generator.
• Z1a , Z1b , Z1c : Impedance of the lines.
• Z A , Z B , Z C : impedance of each phase of the load.
• 앞의 그림에서 node N 과 node n 사이의 전압 (VN) 을 node-voltage

방법으로 구함
VN VN  Va'n VN  Vb'n VN  Vc'n
    0.
Z0 ZA  Z1a  Zga ZB  Z1b  Zgb ZC  Z1c  Zgc
• Balanced three-phase circuit 는 다음 조건을 만족

(1) V ' , V ' , and V ' : a set of balanced three-phase voltages.
an bn cn
(2) Z ga  Z gb  Z gc .
(3) Z1a  Z1b  Z1c .
(4) Z A  Z B  Z C .
• 위의 조건을 적용하면
 1 3  Va'n  Vb'n  Vc'n

VN     , where Z  Z A  Z1a  Zga  Z B  Z1b  Z gb  Z C  Z1c  Z gc.
Z
 0 Z   Z 
• 따라서 VN  0. 즉 , 전압차가 없으므로 neutral conductor 의 전류는 0 임
• Three line currents :

Va'n  VN V Vb'n  VN V Vc'n  VN V
I aA   a'n , I bB   b'n , IcC   c'n .
ZA  Z1a  Zga Z ZB  Z1b  Zgb Z ZC  Z1c  Zgc Z
• 윗 식은 neutral conductor 의 전류가 0 임을 다시 보여줌 . 즉 ,
I 0  I aA  I bB  I cC  (Va'n  Vb'n  Vc'n ) / Z  0.

• 위의 전류식으로부터 a-phase 등가회로는 그림 11.7 이 됨
그림 11.7
A single-phase equivalent circuit
A single-phase equivalent circuit is used to

calculate the line current and the phase voltage in
one phase of the Y-Y structure. The a-phase is
normally chosen for this purpose.
• Line current 가 구해지면 이를 이용하여 line-to-line voltages 와 line-to-

neutral voltages 를 구할 수 있음
• Line-to-neutral voltages 가 VAN , VBN , and VCN 이면 line-to-line voltages 는

KVL 를 이용하여 다음 식이 됨 ( 그림 11.8 참조 )
VAB  VAN  VBN , VBC  VBN  VCN , VCA  VCN  VAN .
그림 11.8
Line-to-line and line-to-neutral voltages

• Positive sequence(abc) line-to-neutral voltage 가 다음과 같이 주어짐
VAN  V 0, VBN  V   120, VCN  V  120. +

• 위의 값들을 앞의 식에 대입하면 -
VAB  V 0  V (120)  3V30,

VBC  V (120)  V120  3V(90),
VCA  V 120  V 0  3V 150.
• 위의 식으로부터 다음을 알 수 있음
(1) line-to-line voltage 의 크기는 line-to-neutral voltage 의 배임
(2) line-to-line voltages form a balanced three-phase set. 3
(3) the set of line-to-line voltages leads the set of line-to-neutral
voltages by
30
• 위의 결과들을 그림 11.9 에 그림 ( 왼쪽 그림 : abc sequence;

오른쪽 그림 : acb sequence)
• 용어 그림 11.9
line voltage : the voltage across any pair of lines.
phase voltage : the voltage across a single phase.
line current : the current in a single line.
phase current : the current in a single phase.
 Phasor diagrams showing the relationship

between line-to-line and line-to-neutral
voltages in a balanced system.
The abc sequence The acb sequence
예제 11.1
• Three-phase system 은 큰 전력을 공급하기 위한 것이라 rms 값으로

표시함 . /Phi ( / ) 는 per-phase quantity 를 나타냄 . 그림 11.10 에서
다음 값들을 구함 (positive sequence)
• Line current :
1200 1200
I aA    2.4  36.87 A.
(0.2  0.8  39)  j (0.5  1.5  28) 40  j 30
I bB  2.4  156.87 A, I cC  2.483.13 A.
• Phase voltage :
VAN  Z AI aA  (39  j 28)(2.4  36.87)  115.22  1.19 V.
VBN  115 .22  121.19V

VCN  115 .22118.81V
그림 11.10
예제 11.1( 계 11.3 Analysis of the Wye-Wye Circuit
속)
• Line voltage :
VAB  ( 330)VAN  199.5828.81 V, VBC  199.58  91.19 V, VCA  199.58148.81 V.
• Phase voltage at the terminal of the source :
Van  120  (0.2  j 0.5)(2.4  36.87)  120  1.2931.33  118.90  j.067  118.90  0.32 V.
Vbn  118.90  120.32 V, Vcn  118.90119.68 V.
• Line voltage at the source terminal :
Vab  ( 330)Van  205.9429.68 V, Vbc  205.94  90.32 V,

Vca  205.94149.68 V.
11.4 Analysis of the Wye-Delta Circuit
Relationship between three-phase delta-
connected and wye-connected impedance.
Z Delta load 이면
ZY  delta-to-wye transformation
3
Z Z Z
ZY   .
Z  Z  Z 3
single-phase 등가회로를 구성하여

line current 를 구함
Line current 와 phase current 의

관계를 이용하여 phase current 를 구함
A single-phase equivalent circuit

A circuit used to establish the relationship between

line currents and phase currents in a balanced ∆ load
• 그림 11.12 를 이용하여 phase current 와 line current 의 관계식을 구함

( 이 Δ 결선의 경우 phase voltage=line voltage)
• Phase current 가 다음 식으로 주어짐 (positive sequence)

I AB  I  0, I BC  I    120, I CA  I 120.
• KCL 를 사용하여 line current 를 구함

I aA  I AB  I CA  I  0  I  120  3I   30  I AB 3  30,
I bB  I BC  I AB  I    120  I  0  3I   150  I BC 3  30, 그림 11.12
I cC  I CA  I BC  I  120  I    120  3I  90  I CA 3  30.
• Line current 는 phase current 의 3 배이고 위상은30 늦음
• 이 관계를 phasor diagram 으로 아래 왼쪽 그림에 나타냄
• Negative phase sequence : line current 는 phase current 의3 배이고

위상은30 빠름 ( 아래 오른쪽 그림 )
 Phasor diagrams showing the relationship

between line currents and phase currents in a
∆-connected load.
The positive sequence The negative sequence

예제 11.4 Analysis of the Wye-Delta Circuit
11.2
• Y-connected source 가  -connected load 에 연결됨 (positive sequence).
Line impedence : 0.3  j 0.9 /  ; load impedance : 118.5  j85.8 /  .
/Phi ( /  ) 는 per-phase quantity 를 나타냄 .
• Impedance of Y equivalent :
Single-phase 등가회로 : 그림 11.14
(118.5  j85.8) / 3  39.5  j 28.6 /  .
• Line current :
1200 1200
I aA    2.4  36.87A.
(0.2  0.3  39.5)  j (0.5  0.9  28.6) 40  j30
I bB  2.4  156.87 A,
I cC  2.483.13 A. 그림 11.14
예제 11.2( 계 11.4 Analysis of the Wye-Delta Circuit
속)
• Phase voltage(line voltage) :
VAN  (39.5  j 28.6)(2.4  36.87)  117.04  0.96 V.
VAB  330VAN  202.7229.04 V,
VBC  202.72  90.96 V, VCA  202.72149.04 V.
• Phase current of the load :
1
I AB  30I aA  1.39  6.87 A,
3
I BC  1.39  126.87 A, I CA  1.39113.13 A.
• Line voltage at the source terminal :

Van  (39.8  j 29.5)(2.4  36.87)  118.90  0.32 V.
Vab  330Van  205.9429.68 V,
Vbc  205.94  90.32 V, Vca  205.94149.68 V.
11.5 Power Calculations in Balanced Three-Phase
Circuits
Average Power in a Balanced Wye Load
A balanced Y load used to introduce average

power calculations in three-phase circuits
11.5 Power Calculations in Balanced
Three-Phase Circuits
Average power in a balanced wye load( 계속 )

*
Complex power  Veff I eff
• 그림 11.15 의 Y-connected load 에서 average power 계산
• Average powers associated with the phases :
PA  VAN I aA cos(vA  iA ),

PB  VBN I bB cos( vB  iB ),
PC  VCN I cC cos( vC  iC ).
그림 11.15
Average power in a balanced wye load( 계속 )
• Balanced three-phase system 에서 각 phase 의 전압과 전류의 크기는

동일함 . 또한 전압과 전류간의 위상차도 동일함 . 즉 ,
V  VAN  VBN  VCN , I  I aA  I bB  I cC , and   vA  iA  vB  iB   vC  iC .
• Power delivered to each phase of the load :

PA  PB  PC  P  V I cos  .
• Total average power :

PT  3P  3V I cos  .
• Total average power 를 line voltage 와 line current 로 나타냄
V 
PT  3V I cos   3  L  I L cos   3VL I L cos  .
 3
: 역률각은 그대로 둔다 .
( 상전압 , 상전류간 위상차 )
VL
PT  3 I L cos 
3
 3VL I L cos 
Total real power in a balanced three-phase load
Q  V I sin 
QT  3Q  3VL I L sin 
Total reactive power in a balanced three-phase load
Complex Power in a Balanced Wye Load

• Reactive power : Q  V I sin  , QT  3Q  3V I sin   3VL I L sin  .
• Complex power : S  VAN I*aA  VBN I*bB  VCN I*cC  V I* .
• 위의 complex power 를 일반화함 :
S  P  jQ  V I* ,
ST  3S  3V I*  3VL I L  .
*
S  P  jQ  V I  
ST  3S  3VL I L 

Total complex power in a balanced three-phase load
Power Calculations in a Balanced Delta Load
A Δ-connected load used to

discuss power calculations
Power calculations in a balanced delta load( 계속 )
• 그림 11.16 의 delta load 에서 average power :

PA  VAB I AB cos( vAB  iAB ), PB  VBC I BC cos( vBC   iBC ),
PC  VCA I CA cos( vCA  iCA ).
• For a balance load,

VAB  VBC  VCA  V ,
I AB  I BC  I CA  I ,
 vAB  iAB  vBC  iBC  vCA  iCA   .
• Average power per phase :
PA  PB  PC  P  V I cos  . 그림 11.16
Power calculations in a balanced delta load ( 계속 )

• Total power delivered to the load :
 I 
PT  3P  3V I cos   3VL  L  cos   3VL I L cos  .
 3
• Reactive power : sin

Q  V I sin  , QT  3Q  3V I sin   3VL I L cos  .
• Complex power :
S  P  jQ  V I* , ST  3S  3V I*  3VL I L .
Instantaneous power in three-phase circuits
• Instantaneous power in each phase :

p A  v AN iaA  Vm I m cos t cos(t   ),
pB  vBN ibB  Vm I m cos(t  120) cos(t    120),
pC  vCN icC  Vm I m cos(t  120) cos(t    120),
• Total instantaneous power :

pT  p A  pB  pC  Vm I m cos t cos(t   )  Vm I m cos(t  120) cos(t    120)
 Vm I m cos(t  120) cos(t    120)  1.5Vm I m cos  .
cos(t  120)  (1/ 2) cos t  ( 3 / 2)sin t , cos(t  120)  (1/ 2) cos t  ( 3 / 2)sin t 을
윗 식에 대입하여 정리하면
pT  1.5Vm I m cos t cos(t   )  1.5Vm I m sin t sin(t   )  1.5Vm I m cos  .
예제 11.3 Three-Phase Circuits
• 예제 11.1 의 회로에서 다음의 각 전력을 구하자
• Average power per phase : P  (115.22)(2.4) cos 35.68  224.64 W.
• Total average power delivered to the load : PT  3P  3(224.64)  673.92 W.
2
• Total power lost in the line : Pline  3 I aA R1a  3(2.4) 2 (0.8)  13.824 W.
• Total internal power lost in the generator :
2
Pgen  3 I aA Rga  3(2.4) 2 (0.2)  3.456 W.
그림 11.10
예제 11.3( Three-Phase Circuits
계속 )
• Total number of magnetizing vars absorbed by the load :
QT  3Q  3V I sin   3(115.22)(2.4) sin 35.68  483.84 VAR.

• Total complex power associated with the source :
ST  3S  3Va 'n I*aA  3(120)(2.4)36.87  691.20  j 518.40 VA.
예제 Three-Phase Circuits
11.4
• 예제 11.2 에서 delta-connected load 에 공급된 total complex power 계산
V  VAB  202.7229.04 V,
I  I AB  1.39  6.87 A.
따라서
ST  3S  3V I*  3(202.7229.04)(1.396.87)  682.56  j 494.21 VA.

• distribution line 의 끝에서 보내진 전력 중에서 몇 % 가 load 에
전달되었는가 ?
Pinput  682.56  3(2.4) 2 (0.3)  687.74 W.
Percentage of the average power reaching the load :

(682.56)(100)/(687.74)=99.25 %.
11.6 Measuring Average Power in Three-Phase
Circuits
• A wattmeter measures the average power delivered to a load
by using a current coil connected in series with the load and
a potential coil connected in parallel with the load.
The key features of the electrodynamometer wattmeter

11.6 Measuring Average Power
in Three-Phase Circuits
A general circuit whose power is supplied by n conductors
The total average power in a balanced three-phase

circuit can be measured by summing the readings of
two wattmeters connected in two different phases of
the circuit.
11.6 Measuring Average Power
in Three-Phase Circuits
ref:
A circuit used to analyze the two-

wattmeter method of measuring average
power delivered to a balanced load
Q&A
+ -
P16-17
Thank You ….
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m_xishFiAyI
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KhJXNObtSOk

Balanced Three-Phase Circuits

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CHAPTER 11

A basic three-phase circuit

Balanced three sinusoidal voltages : identical amplitudes and frequencies but

The abc (positive)

The acb (negative)

Phasor diagrams of a balanced set of three-phase voltages

• Sum of balanced three-phase voltages : 0.

• Phasor voltages 의 합이 0 이므로 instantaneous voltages 의 합도 역시 0

A sketch of a three-phase voltage source

Rotor of the generator : electromagnet driven by prime mover, such as a

The two basic connections of an ideal

A Y-connected source A ∆-connected source

• Y-connected source 에서 neutral terminal( labeled n ) 은 외부와 연결을

A model of a three-phase source with winding impedance:

(a) A Y-connected source

• Three-phase sources and loads can be either Y connected or 

A three-phase Y-Y system

• 앞의 그림에서 node N 과 node n 사이의 전압 (VN) 을 node-voltage

• Balanced three-phase circuit 는 다음 조건을 만족

 1 3  Va'n  Vb'n  Vc'n

• 따라서 VN  0. 즉 , 전압차가 없으므로 neutral conductor 의 전류는 0 임

• Three line currents :

• 윗 식은 neutral conductor 의 전류가 0 임을 다시 보여줌 . 즉 ,

I 0  I aA  I bB  I cC  (Va'n  Vb'n  Vc'n ) / Z  0.

A single-phase equivalent circuit

A single-phase equivalent circuit is used to

• Line current 가 구해지면 이를 이용하여 line-to-line voltages 와 line-to-

• Line-to-neutral voltages 가 VAN , VBN , and VCN 이면 line-to-line voltages 는

Line-to-line and line-to-neutral voltages

• Positive sequence(abc) line-to-neutral voltage 가 다음과 같이 주어짐

VAN  V 0, VBN  V   120, VCN  V  120. +

VAB  V 0  V (120)  3V30,

• 위의 결과들을 그림 11.9 에 그림 ( 왼쪽 그림 : abc sequence;

 Phasor diagrams showing the relationship

The abc sequence The acb sequence

• Three-phase system 은 큰 전력을 공급하기 위한 것이라 rms 값으로

VAN  Z AI aA  (39  j 28)(2.4  36.87)  115.22  1.19 V.

VBN  115 .22  121.19V

• Phase voltage at the terminal of the source :

• Line voltage at the source terminal :

Vab  ( 330)Van  205.9429.68 V, Vbc  205.94  90.32 V,

single-phase 등가회로를 구성하여

Line current 와 phase current 의

A single-phase equivalent circuit

A circuit used to establish the relationship between

• 그림 11.12 를 이용하여 phase current 와 line current 의 관계식을 구함

• Phase current 가 다음 식으로 주어짐 (positive sequence)

• KCL 를 사용하여 line current 를 구함

• Line current 는 phase current 의 3 배이고 위상은30 늦음

• 이 관계를 phasor diagram 으로 아래 왼쪽 그림에 나타냄

• Negative phase sequence : line current 는 phase current 의3 배이고

 Phasor diagrams showing the relationship

The positive sequence The negative sequence

(118.5  j85.8) / 3  39.5  j 28.6 /  .

• Line voltage at the source terminal :

Average Power in a Balanced Wye Load

A balanced Y load used to introduce average

Average power in a balanced wye load( 계속 )

• Average powers associated with the phases :

PA  VAN I aA cos(vA  iA ),

Average power in a balanced wye load( 계속 )

• Balanced three-phase system 에서 각 phase 의 전압과 전류의 크기는

• Complex power : S  VAN IaA  VBN IbB  VCN IcC  V I .