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Corepure2 Chapter 7::: Methods in Differential Equations
Corepure2 Chapter 7::: Methods in Differential Equations
( )
proportional to where is the current 𝑑𝑃 𝑃
population and is the limiting size of =𝑘𝑃 1 −
the population 𝑑𝑡 𝑀
(the Verhulst-Pearl Model)
As you might imagine, they’re used a lot in physics and engineering, including modelling radioactive
decay, mixing fluids, cooling materials and bodies falling under gravity against resistance.
A ‘first order’ differential equation means the equation contains the first derivative () but not the
second derivative or beyond.
Pure Year 2 Recap
and are said to be ‘separated’ because we can express the
RHS as a product of two separate expressions: one in terms of
just and one in terms of just .
Divide through by
and times through
by , and slap an
integral on the
front!
Examples
Find general solutions to
Why is it called the general solution?
? 𝑥 +𝐶
𝑦 =2 We have a ‘family’ of solutions as the
? varies.
constant of integration
𝑦
So the ‘family of
If we let , we get circles’ satisfies this
differential equation.
?
𝑥
Examples
Find general solutions to Find general solutions to
Known as ‘separating
the variables’.
? ?
Using reverse product rule
We will see in a bit how to solve equations of the form (where and are functions
of ). We’ll practice a particular part of this method before going for the full whack.
𝑑 2 𝟐? 𝒅𝒚
( 𝑥 𝑦 )=𝒙 +𝟐 𝒙𝒚 𝑑𝑦 3 𝒅 𝟒 ?
𝑥 +4𝑥 𝑦→ ( 𝒙 𝒚 )
4
𝑑𝑥 𝒅𝒙? ?
So it appears whatever term ends up on
front of the will be on the front of the in
𝑑𝑥 𝒅𝒙?
the integral.
Using reverse product rule
Find general solutions of the equation
𝑑 3 ?
( 𝑥 𝑦 )=sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
Test Your Understanding
Find general solutions of the equation Find general solutions of the equation
𝑑 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
? =𝑒
( )
𝑥 𝑑
𝑑𝑥
( 2 𝑥 𝑦 )=𝑥
?2 2
But what if we can’t use the product rule backwards?
We can multiply through by the integrating factor . This then produces an equation where
we can use the previous reverse-product-rule trick (we’ll prove this in a sec).
∫ − 4 𝑑𝑥 ? − 4 𝑥
𝐼 . 𝐹 .=𝑒 =𝑒
Then multiplying through by the integrating factor:
−4 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 −4𝑥 −3 𝑥
𝑒 − 4 𝑒 ? 𝑦 =𝑒
𝑑𝑥
Then we can solve in the usual way:
𝑑
( 𝑦 𝑒 ? ) =𝑒
−4𝑥 −3 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
Proof that Integrating Factor works
If we can use the reverse product rule trick on the LHS, then it would be
of the form:
? two LHSs:
Thus comparing the coefficients of the
?
When there’s something on front of the
𝑑𝑦
STEP 1: Divide by anything
? on front of
3
+2𝑦tan 𝑥=cos 𝑥
? STEP 2: Determine IF
You could skip to
here provided STEP 3: Multiply through
𝑑𝑥
? you don’t forget
to multiply the
by IF and use product rule
RHS by the IF. backwards.
?
Exercise 7A
Pearson Core Pure Year 2
Pages 151-153
Second Order Differential Equation Intro
We’ve already seen that differential equations are equations which relate and with
derivatives. Unsurprisingly, second order differential equations involve the second
derivative.
Let
Then and
? ?
Thus
?
?
Since thus ?
When the auxiliary equation has two real distinct roots and , the general
solution of the differential equation is , where and are arbitrary
constants.
Auxiliary equation:
General solution is ?
When the auxiliary equation has two equal roots , the general solution is
3𝑥 3𝑥
𝑦=( 𝐴+𝐵𝑥) 𝑒 =𝐴+𝐵𝑥𝑒 ?
Fro Side Note: The reason we have
to use instead of is similar to why
in Pure Year 2 partial fractions, we
have to use if we had a repeated
denominator .
Variants:
This is actually exactly the same as when we usually have distinct real roots!
Auxiliary equation:
?
General solution is ?
This can be rewritten as (using Chapter 1 knowledge):
Auxiliary equation: ?
?
General solution is
?
This can be rewritten as (using Chapter 1 knowledge):
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
Exercise 7B
Pearson Core Pure Year 2
Pages 156-157
Particular Integrals
So far we’ve always had 0 in the RHS of the differential equation.
What if we have some function in terms of ?
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑎 +𝑏 + 𝑐𝑦= 𝒇 ( 𝒙 )
𝑑𝑥
2
𝑑𝑥
When the RHS is not 0, we have a
non-homogeneous second order
differential equation.
Solve first to obtain what is known Then solve which can be found using
as the complementary function. appropriate substitution and
(C.F.) comparing coefficients. Solution
known as particular integral. (P.I.)
?
Hence find the general solution of the differential equation
Auxiliary equation:
Roots of aux eq: ?
C.F.
General solution:
Examples
Find the general solution of the differential equation
is a linear function, so makes sense to try a linear function for the particular
integral.
? ? ?
Substituting in:
Comparing coefficients: ?
General solution:
?
?
Examples
Find the general solution of the differential equation
? ? ?
…
General solution:
?
Examples
Find the general solution of the differential equation
… ? ? ?
General solution:
?
Find the general solution of the differential equation
…
? ?
General solution:
?
?
Examples
But be warned!!!
Your particular integral can’t be part of your complementary function. This is just like how we
weren’t allowed to use for the complementary function if the two roots of the auxiliary
equation were equal.
The difference to when we had is that now the matches the term in the
complementary function.
Suppose we did use for the particular integral. What goes wrong?
Then the general solution might appear to be
But is still just an arbitrary constant, so we have exactly the same as the
?
complementary function, which we know gives 0 when subbed into . Thus we end up
with . Oh dear!
So let
?
This ends up giving
So general solution:
?
?
Examples
But be warned!!!
Your particular integral can’t be part of your complementary function. This is just like how we
weren’t allowed to use for the complementary function if the two roots of the auxiliary
equation were equal.
Auxiliary equation:
?
Complementary function: ?
So particular integral? We know we can’t use as CF contains a constant term.
Instead use ?
General solution:
?
(b) Using your answer to part (a), find the general solution of the differential equation
(3 marks)
?
Test Your Understanding
Be warned: is being
June 2012 Q4 used here as was
previous used.
Find the general solution of the differential equation
?
Exercise 7C
Pearson Core Pure Year 2
Pages 161-162
Boundary Conditions
Sometimes you’re given certain conditions, which allows us to find
constants (just as we could with first order differential equations).
General solution: ?
Now substituting in boundary conditions into solution:
?
We want to use , so let’s differentiate general solution:
?
Substituting in again:
Solving simultaneously: ?
Therefore solution is
?
?
Test Your Understanding
June 2010 Q8 (revisited!)
(c) Given that at and , find the particular solution to this differential equation, giving
your solution in the form (5)
(d) Sketch the curve with equation for (2)
?
Exercise 7D
Pearson Core Pure Year 2
Pages 164-165