SEPARATION

TECHNIQUES
Chaithanya Ganji
 FILTRATION
• Filtration is the technique used to separate a solid or precipitate from a liquid. It is done by
pouring the mixture through a filter. Filtration would not be affect by intermolecular forces
(IMF), because filtration does not change the chemical composition of a substance but rather
separates 2 substances. In order for filtration to be effectively used, there must be an
insoluble substance, because filtration will not separate a solution like it will a mixture. So
during labs, it would be used to isolate precipitate in order to observe it more closely or mass
it.
 PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY
• It is a technique in which dots of a liquid mixture are placed at the edge of chromatography
or filter paper. The edge of the paper is then dipped in a solution such as water or alcohol.
Based on the solubility and adsorption of the mixtures, they move along the paper as it
absorbs the liquid or adhere to the surface. This can be used to identify unknown substances
by comparing them to known ones. Molecules with greater IMFs will adhere longer than
those with weaker IMFs. The mixture would also have to be a liquid such as ink for this
technique to work.
 COLUMN CHROMATOGRAPHY
• It is a technique used to separate compounds from mixtures using a tube filled with solvent.
Similar to paper chromatography, the stronger the IMF, the longer the compound stays
stationary. It can be used to separate liquids, solids, and mixtures. It would be used to isolate
individual compounds and remove impurities.
 DISTILLATION
• It is the separation of a mixture by evaporating and then condensing the liquid into a
different beaker, effectively isolating the solid(s). Since distillation requires the boiling of a
liquid, the boiling point is major factor. The stronger the IMF, the higher boiling point,
which means it takes more energy to distill a mixture. It can also be used to separate
different liquids by using the varying boiling points. Distillation is used in labs to purify
liquids such as water which is crucial to many experiments.
 REFERENCES
• https://keystagewiki.com/index.php/Filtration
• https://sciencing.com/how-can-parts-of-a-solution-be-separated-by-chromatography-1371
0470.html

• https://www.14impressions.in/2020/10/principle-instrumentation-and_16.html
• https://bitesizebio.com/29947/basics-column-chromatography/#:~:text=Column%20chromat
ography%20is%20a%20common,use%20in%20a%20later%20experiment
.
• https://www.analyteguru.com/t5/Blog/May-the-Chromatography-Force-Be-With-You/ba-p/
3408#:~:text=There%20are%20also%20the%20intermolecular,is%20retained%20in%20the%
20column
.
• https://www.cognibrain.com/how-to-do-column-chromatography/
• https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/separation-by-distillation/#:~:text=Distillation%20is%20a%
20separation%20technique,to%20get%20back%20the%20liquid