GRAMMAR REVIEW

Units 7-10
Conditional sentences

 Zero conditional: information that is usually true.

If you touch fire, you get burned.
 First conditional: predictions of the future.
If you study, you will pass your exam.
 Second conditional: hypothetical situations.
If I were rich, I would travel more.
 Third conditional: hypothetical situations in the past.
If I had studied harder, I would have passed the exam.
1. First conditional
IF + PRESENT SIMPLE + FUTURE SIMPLE (WILL/WON’T + INFINITIVE)
 RIGHT: If you study, you will pass the exam
 WRONG: If you’ll study, you will pass the exam

Examples:
 If you’re late, you’ll miss the train
 If he doesn’t study, he won’t (will not) pass the exam
 She will get wet if she doesn’t use an umbrela
 He won’t (will not) pass the exam unless he studies (“unless” instead of “if”)
 I won’t have enough money unless I save
2. Second conditional

IF + PAST SIMPLE + WOULD / WOULDN’T + INFINITIVE

 A hypothetical or imaginary situation
 Examples:
If I had a job, I’d (I would) get my own flat
If it was warmer, we would swim in the river
If your sister were here, she’d know what to do
If you ate insects, you would be sick
I wouldn’t live with my parents if I had a job
If I were a dog, I would sleep all day
If I were rich, I would live in Paris
3. Gerund
VERB + -ING
 After prepositions: I’m not good at remembering names
 After phrasal verbs (give up, go on, take up, etc.): I gave up smoking
 As the subject of a sentence: Driving at night is dangerous
 After some verbs: hate, enjoy, prefer, recommend, mind, finish, like, love, miss, stop…

Shopping is my favourite thing to do in the weekends.

You usually avoid eating sugar.
I dislike wearing makeup.
He misses travelling.
She hates dancing.
4. Infinitive
TO + VERB
 After adjectives: My flat is easy to find
 To express reason or purpose: She’s saving money to buy a new car (Why is she saving money?
To buy a new car)
 After some verbs: try, promise, decide, forget, hope, learn, need, plan, refuse, remember, want,
would like, would love…

My sister has learned to drive.

I promise to help you.
It’s difficult to pass that subject.
He’s studying to become a doctor.
I hope to publish a book next year.
* I like to dance / I like dancing.
5. Reported speech

SUBJECT + REPORTING VERB + (THAT) + REPORTED VERB

 Telling another person what someone said – Subject changes

 Reporting verb: said, told, asked…
 Reported verb: verb in the sentence that is being reported
“I want ice-cream”
She says (that) she wants ice-cream.
She said (that) the wanted ice-cream.
 Verb tenses can change if:
 The reporting and the reported action happen on different days
 The reporting verb is in the past tense
 →→→
Original sentence Reported sentence
 Present simple  Past simple
 Will  Would
 Can  Could
 Past simple  Past perfect
 * This  * That
 * Tomorrow  * The next day
6. Third conditional

IF + PAST PERFECT (HAD + PAST PARTICIPLE) + WOULD + HAVE + PAST

PARTICIPLE

 Ex: If I’d (had) known about the party, I would have gone.
 Hypothetical situations  How things could have been different in the past.
 Would / Could / Might
 Ex: If she had studied harder, she might have passed the exam.
 Ex: If I had finished my degree, I could have been a teacher.
 Different order: He would have arrived on time if he had driven faster.
 7. Quantifiers
 Large, small, excessive, or nonexistent quantities
 Countable: How many? Apples, houses, cars, dogs…
• Few / a few
• Several
• Many
 Uncountable: How much? Time, money, milk, water…
• Little / a little
• Much / too much
 Both countable and uncountable
• Not any / None
• Some
• A lot of / lots of
• Plenty of
8. Relative clauses
RELATIVE PRONOUN + VERB
 Who / That  People
 Which / That  Things and animals
 Whose  Possessive adjective  “Of who” or “of which”
 Where  Places

Shakespeare is the autor who/that wrote Romeo and Juliet.

The cake which / that you made yesterday was too sweet.
That’s the boy whose father works in Apple.
This is the University where I studied.
Relative clauses
Defining relative clauses
 Necessary information
 The car that you bought  Which car?
 Possible omission of who, which and that
 Replacing who with that
Non-defining relative clauses
 Extra information
• Ex: This house, which is very large, was built
by my father  This house was built by my
father.
 Between commas
 NO omission of relative pronouns (who,
which, etc.)
• Ex: This house, ___ is very large, was built by
my father.
 NO replacing who with that
• Ex: This house, that is very large, was built by
my father.
9. Question tags
 It’s cold today, isn’t it?
 You went to school in London, didn’t you?
 He doesn’t like chocolate, does he?
 We’ve met before, haven’t we?
 She’s not ill, is she?
 Your name is Sarah, isn’t it?
 You won’t tell anyone, will you?
 You’d (you would) help me, wouldn’t you?
Question tags
AUXILIARY VERB + PERSONAL PRONOUN

 Checking information
 Auxiliary verbs: do/does, did, will/won’t
 Personal pronouns: you, he, she, it, they, I, we
 Positive verb  Negative tag
Ex: You like him, don’t you?
 Negative verb  Positive tag
Ex: They don’t need help, do they?