CELL TO CELL

CONNECTION
SHIPPING AND
RECEIVING:
transport across
membranes
TWO MAJOR FACTORS DETERMINE
WETHER A MOLECULE CAN CROSS THE
PLASMA MEMBRANE

 SIZE
 ATTRACTION TO WATER
SIZE
 Smaller molecules cross more easily than larger
one.
ATTRACTION TO
WATER
 Hydrophobic(non polar) molecules cross more
easily than hydrophilic (polar) molecules
Simple diffussion occurs when molecules diffuse
across membranes without the help of transport
proteins.
 Facilitated diffusion occurs when molecules
diffuse across membranes with the help of
transport proteins. Two types of transport protiens
help with diffusion, and each types helps in a
slightly different way.
 CHannel proteins are proteins that are built like
soda straws . The polypeptide chains of thes
proteins loop around to bulid the walls of the
straw,creating an open tunnel down the middle of
the protein
 Carrier proteins transport specific molecules
across membranes.Each carrier protein has a
binding site that is the right shape for the
molecule that it can transport.
Three terms describe the relative
concentration across membranes:
1. Hypertonic solutions have a greater concentration of
solutes.
2. Hypotonic solutions have a lesser concentration of
solutes.
3. Isotonic solutions have the same concentration of
solutes.
 
Chatting through
Cellular
Connections.
Two essential components to the function of a
multicellular organisms are:

Attachment of cells to form tissues. Cells are

connected to each other through various types of cell-
cell attachments.
Communication between cells to coordinate responses
to signals. Cells can communicate directly with
neighboring cells or send signals over long distances to
communicate with cells farther away in the lady.
Tight junctions - Bring cells together so tightly that
even water cant pass between the cells proteins pass
through the membranes of both cells ,holding the cells
as if they were sewn together.

 Anchoring junctions - Hold cells together tightly,but

allow materials to move through the intercellullar
space. They give structure and strength to tissues.
 
 

Three types of anchoring junctions use different proteins to make connections

between cells, the cytoskeleton, and the extracellular matrix:

 Desmosomes
Hemidemosomes

 Adherens junction
Sending and
Receiving Signals:
Signals that travels over a distance to reach their
target cells are called HORMONES. A cells can
recognize a signal only if it has a receptors for that
signal. Cells have receptors in two locations;
 Receptors for signaling molecules that can cross the
plasma membrane , such as steroid hormones , are
located inside of cells.
The receptors for signaling molecules that can't cross
the plasma membrane are located within the plasma
membrane of the cell.
Satellite dishes; Receptors


Receptors proteins have binding sites for the
signals they recognize.When signaling molecules
,called LIGANDS,bind to receptors proteins,the
receptor proteins change shape.
Signal transduction involved several steps :

 The signal is received when the ligand binds to

the receptor.
 The signal is transduced when the receptor
changes shape and becomes ready to cause a
changes inside the cell.
The signal is amplified when the receptor causes
a change inside the cell that activates molecules
called second messengers.
 The cell responds when second messengers
cause changes in cell behavior
The steps of signal transduction for receptor
Tyrosine Kinases are as follows:

 The receptor ( RTK) is phosphorylated and becomes

an active enzyme.
 The primary messenger binds to the receptor ( RTK).
 The receptor (RTK) activates another membrane-
associated protein called Ras.
 Ras Kicks off a phosphorylation cascade.
The steps of signal transduction involving G
protiens are as follows ;

 The primary messenger binds the receptor

 The receptor activates its G proteins.
 Part of the G protein travels along the membrane
and binds to an enzyme.
The enzyme catalyzes the production of second
messenger molecules.
Several types of molecules in cells shotdown
signaling pathways;

 Phosphatases
 Activated G proteins and Ras proteins
 Second messenger molecules