Theories of

Intelligence
Bloom’s
Taxonomy
Transfer of
Learning
Constructivism

Definition
PROCESS
COGNITIVE
 Constructivism
Intelligence
Theories of

Transfer of
Taxonomy

Cognitive Process

Definition
Learning
Bloom’s

refers to mental abilities, such as perceiving, attending,

memorizing, and problem solving
 Constructivism:
Knowledge

Constructivism
Focuses on knowledge construction. It is a theory of knowledge that
Intelligence
Theories of

Transfer of
Taxonomy

Definition
Learning argues that humans generate knowledge and meaning from
Bloom’s

interaction between their experiencing and their idea.

Is basically a theory based on observation and scientific study

about how people learn.
 Constructivism:
Knowledge
Two Views

Constructivism
Intelligence
Theories of

Transfer of
Taxonomy

Definition
Learning
Bloom’s

Individual Constructivism Social Constructivism

This is called Cognitive
Constructivism. It emphasizes
individual, internal construction
of knowledge. It is largely based
on Piaget’s theory.
This view emphasizes that
“knowledge exists in social
context and is initially shared with
others instead of being represented
solely in the mind of individual”.
It is based on Vygotsky’s theory.
 Constructivism: Knowledge

Constructivism
Characteristics
Intelligence
Theories of

Transfer of
Taxonomy

Definition
Learning
Bloom’s

Learners construct understanding.

New learning depends on current understanding.
Learning is facilitated by social interaction.
Meaningful learning occurs within authentic learning tasks.
 Constructivism
Organizing Knowledge
Concept – is a way of grouping or categorizing objects or events

Constructivism
in our mind.
Intelligence
Theories of

Transfer of
Taxonomy

Definition
Learning Concept as Feature Lists – learning a concept involves learning
Bloom’s

specific features that characterize positive instance of the

concept.
Defining Feature – is a characteristic present in all instances.
Concept as Prototypes – a prototype is an idea or a visual
image of a “typical” example.
Concepts as Exemplars – exemplars represent a variety of
examples where it allows learners to know that an example
under a concept may have variability.
 Constructivism
Making Concept-learning
Effective
As a future teacher you can help students to learn the concept

Constructivism
Intelligence
Theories of

Transfer of
by doing the following:
Taxonomy

Definition
Learning
Bloom’s

- Provide a clear view of the concept

- Make the definition features very concrete and prominent.
- Give a variety of positive instances.
- Give negative instances.
- Cite a “best example” or a prototype.
- Provide opportunity for learners to identify positive and
negative instances.
- Ask learners to think of their own example of the concept.
- Point out how concepts can be related to each other.
 Constructivism
Schemas and Scripts

Schemas Scripts

Constructivism
Intelligence
Theories of

Transfer of
Taxonomy

Definition
Learning
Bloom’s

Is an organized
body of Is a schema that
knowledge about includes a series
something or it is of predictable
like a file of events about a
information you specific activity
hold in your
mind about
something
 Transfer Of Learning

Is the application of skills and knowledge learned in another context

Constructivism
being applied in another context (Cornier and Hagman, 1987).
Intelligence
Theories of

Transfer of
Taxonomy

Definition
Learning
Bloom’s

Example
Learning mathematics prepare students to learn physics.
 Transfer Of Learning
Importance

Constructivism
Intelligence
Theories of

Transfer of
Taxonomy

Definition
Learning
Bloom’s

If there is no transfer, students would need to be taught every act

that they would ever perform in any situation

If we do not transfer some of our prior knowledge, then each

new learning situation would start from scratch.
 Theories of
Intelligence
Bloom’s
Taxonomy

Near
Transfer
Positive
Transfer

Far
Transfer Of Learning

Transfer

Transfer
Negative

Transfer of
Learning
Constructivism

Definition
 Transfer Of Learning
Theories
Theory of Theory of

Constructivism
Mental Identical
Intelligence
Theories of

Transfer of
Taxonomy

Definition
Learning
Bloom’s

Discipline Element

Theory of Theory of
Generalization Configuration
 Transfer Of Learning
Theories

Constructivism
Intelligence
Theories of

Transfer of
Taxonomy
Theory of Is based on the old faculty

Definition
Learning
Bloom’s

Mental psychology which maintains that the

various faculties of the mind can be
Discipline
developed through training and can
become capable of effective
performance in all areas in which
they are involved.
 Transfer Of Learning
Theories

Constructivism
Intelligence
Theories of

Transfer of
Taxonomy
Theory of

Definition
Learning
Bloom’s

Formulated by Thorndike, maintains

Identical that the amount of transfer depends
Element upon the identical elements or
elements that are common in both
situation.
 Transfer Of Learning
Theories

Constructivism
Intelligence
Theories of

Transfer of
Taxonomy
Theory of

Definition
Learning
Bloom’s

Generalization Formulated by Charles H. Judd,

maintains that transfer is a form of
generalization which can be
encouraged by training.
 Transfer Of Learning
Theories

Constructivism
Intelligence
Theories of

Transfer of
Taxonomy

Definition
Theory of

Learning
Bloom’s

Configuration Is based on Gestalt’s Theory of

Learning. It holds that transfer from
one situation to another is the result
of the application of certain
principles of configuration.
 Transfer Of Learning
Significant Factors

Constructivism
Intelligence
Theories of

Transfer of
Taxonomy

Definition
Learning
Bloom’s

1. Mental Ability of the learner.

2. Nature of the subject.
3. Attitudes and efforts of the learner.
4. Manner of teaching.
5. Learning environment.
 Bloom’s Taxonomy of Educational
Objectives

Constructivism
Created in 1956 under the leadership of educational
Intelligence
Theories of

Transfer of
Taxonomy

Definition
Learning
psychologist Dr. Benjamin Bloom in order to promote higher forms

Bloom’s
of thinking in education, such as analyzing and evaluating concepts,
processes, procedures, and principles, rather than just remembering
facts.
 Bloom’s Taxonomy of Educational
Objectives

Constructivism
The Three Domains of Learning
Intelligence
Theories of

Transfer of
Taxonomy

Definition
Learning
Bloom’s
Cognitive Affective Psychomotor
Domain Domain Domain
 Bloom’s Taxonomy of Educational
Objectives

Constructivism
Intelligence
Theories of

Transfer of
Taxonomy

Definition
Learning
Bloom’s
Involves knowledge and
development of intellectual skills.
This includes the recall or
recognition of facts, procedural
patterns, and concept that serve in the
development of intellectual abilities
Cognitive and skills.
Domain
 Bloom’s Taxonomy of Educational
Objectives E
v
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l
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ti
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S
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Constructivism
h
e
si
Intelligence
Theories of

Transfer of
Taxonomy

Definition
Learning
Bloom’s
A
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A
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Cognitive Domain
 Bloom’s Taxonomy of Educational
Objectives
Cognitive Domain
Knowledge – involves the recall of specific and universe, the
recall of method and processes, or the recall of pattern,

Constructivism
structure or setting.
Intelligence
Theories of

Transfer of
Taxonomy

Definition
Learning
Bloom’s
Comprehension – refers to a type of understanding or
apprehension such that the individual knows what is being
communicated.
Application – refers to the “use of abstraction in particular and
concrete situation”.
Analysis – breakdown of communication into its constituent
elements or parts.
Synthesis – involves the “putting together the elements ad parts
so as to form a whole”.
Evaluation – judgment about the value of material and
methods for given purposes.
 Bloom’s Taxonomy of Educational
Objectives

Constructivism
Intelligence
Theories of

Transfer of
Taxonomy

Definition
Learning
Bloom’s
Describe the way people react
emotionally and their ability to feel
other living things, pain or joy.
Affective objectives typically target
the awareness and growth in
attitudes, emotion, and feelings.
Affective
Domain
 Bloom’s Taxonomy of Educational
Objectives
C
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a
r
a
c
t
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ri
zi
n
g

O
r
g
a
n
i
z

Constructivism
i
n
Intelligence
Theories of

Transfer of
Taxonomy

Definition
Learning
V

Bloom’s
a
l
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g

R
e
s
p
o
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d
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g

R
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Affective
Domain
 Bloom’s Taxonomy of Educational
Objectives
Affective Domain
Receiving – the student passively pays attention. Without this
level, no learning can occur. Receiving s about the students

Constructivism
memory and recognition as well.
Intelligence
Theories of

Transfer of
Taxonomy

Definition
Learning
Bloom’s
Responding - the student actively participates in the learning
process, not only attends to a stimulus; the student also reacts
in some way.
Valuing - the student attaches a value to an object,
phenomenon, or a place of information. The student associates
a value or some values to the knowledge they acquired.
Organizing – the student can put together different values,
information and ideas, and can accommodate them within
his/her own schema; the student is comparing, relating and
elaborating on what has been learned.
Characterizing – the student at his level tries to build abstract
knowledge.
 Bloom’s Taxonomy of Educational
Objectives

Constructivism
Intelligence
Theories of

Transfer of
Taxonomy

Definition
Learning
Bloom’s
Describe the ability to physically
manipulate a tool or instrument like a
hand or a hammer. Psychomotor
objectives usually focus on change
and/or development in behavior
and/or skills.
Psychomotor
Domain
 Bloom’s Taxonomy of Educational
Objectives O
ri
gi
n
a
ti
o
n

A
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a
p
t
a
ti

Constructivism
o
n
Intelligence
Theories of

Transfer of
Taxonomy
Co
m

Definition
pl

Learning
ex

Bloom’s
Ov
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t
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Psychomotor Domain
 Bloom’s Taxonomy of Educational
Objectives
Psychomotor Domain
Perception – the ability to use sensory cues to guide motor activity.
Set – readiness to ac which includes mental, physical and

Constructivism
emotional set.
Intelligence
Theories of

Transfer of
Taxonomy

Definition
Learning
Bloom’s
Guided Responses - early stage of learning which includes
imitation and trial and error.
Mechanism – this is the intermediate stage in learning complex
skill where movements can be performed with some confidence
and proficiency.
Complex Overt Response – the skillful performance of motor acts
that involves complex movement patterns. Proficiency is evident
by a quick, accurate and highly coordinated performance.
Adaptation - skills are well developed and the individual can
modify movement patterns to fit special requirements
Origination – creating new movement patterns to fit a particular
situation or specific problem. Learning outcomes emphasize
creativity based upon highly developed skills.
 Bloom’s Revised Taxonomy (2001)

Constructivism
Intelligence
Theories of

Transfer of
Taxonomy
Lorin Anderson a former student of Bloom, and David

Definition
Learning
Bloom’s
Krathwohl revisited the cognitive domain and made
some changes.

- Changing the names in the six categories from

noun to verb form
- Creating a process level of knowledge matrix.
- Rearranging them.
 Theories of
Intelligence Bloom’s Revised Taxonomy (2001)

Bloom’s
Taxonomy
Transfer of
Learning
Constructivism

Definition
 Theories of Intelligence
According to Wechsler, intelligence is the aggregate or
global capacity of the individual to act purposefully, to
think rationally and to deal effectively with his

Constructivism
environment. The term denotes that combination of abilities

Intelligence
Theories of

Transfer of
Taxonomy

Definition
Learning
required for survival and advancement within a particular

Bloom’s
culture.
 Theories of Intelligence
Spearman’s Thorndike’s Thurstone’s
Two – Factor Multifactor Theory of
Theory Theory Intelligence

Constructivism
Intelligence
Theories of

Transfer of
Taxonomy

Definition
Learning
Bloom’s
Triarchic David Perkins’ Problem
Theory of Theory Solving &
Intelligence Creativity
 Theories of Intelligence

Developed by Charles Spearman (1904). He

Constructivism
Spearman’s proposed that intellectual abilities were

Intelligence
Theories of

Transfer of
Taxonomy

Definition
comprised of two factors; one general ability

Learning
Bloom’s
Two – Factor
or common ability known as ‘G’ factor and
Theory
the other a group of specific abilities known
as ‘S’ factor. ‘G’ factor is universal inborn
ability. Greater ‘G’ in an individual leads to
greater success in life. ‘S’ factor is acquired
from the environment. It varies from activity
to activity in the same individual.
 Theories of Intelligence

Constructivism
Spearman’s

Intelligence
Theories of

Transfer of
Taxonomy

Definition
Learning
Bloom’s
Two – Factor
Theory

G - General ability
S - Specific
abilities
 Theories of Intelligence

Thorndike did not believe in General Ability.

Constructivism
Each mental activity requires an aggregate of

Intelligence
Theories of

Transfer of
Taxonomy
Thorndike’s

Definition
different set of abilities. He distinguished the

Learning
Bloom’s
Multifactor following four attributes of intelligence:
Theory a) Level - refers to the level of difficulty of a
task that can be solved.
b) Range - refers to a number of tasks at any
given degree of difficulty.
c) Area - means the total number of
situations at each level to which the
individual is able to respond.
d) Speed - is the rapidity with which we can
respond to the items.
 Theories of Intelligence

Thurstone’s Primary mental abilities

/Group factor theory.

Constructivism
Intelligence
Theories of

Transfer of
Taxonomy
Certain mental operations have in common a

Definition
Learning
Bloom’s
Thurstone’s ‘primary’ factor that gives them psychological
Theory and functional unity and that differentiates
them from other mental operations. These
mental operations then constitute a group.
There are a number of groups of mental
abilities, each of which has its own primary
factor, giving the group a functional unity and
cohesiveness. Each of these primary factors is
said to be relatively independent of the others.
 Theories of Intelligence
Thurstone has given the following six primary
factors
1. The Number Factor (N) - Ability to do

Constructivism
Numerical Calculations rapidly and accurately.

Intelligence
Theories of

Transfer of
Taxonomy

Definition
2. The Verbal Factor (V) - Found in tests involving

Learning
Bloom’s
Thurstone’s
Verbal Comprehension.
Theory
3. The Space Factor (S) - Involved in any task in
which the subject manipulates the imaginary object
in space.
4. Memory (M) - Involving ability to memorize
quickly.
5. The Word Fluency Factor (W) - Involved
whenever the subject is asked to think of isolated
words at a rapid rate.
6. The Reasoning Factor (R) - Found in tasks that
require a subject to discover a rule or principle
involved in a series or groups of letters
 Theories of Intelligence

Constructivism
Intelligence
Theories of

Transfer of
Taxonomy

Definition
Learning
Bloom’s
Thurstone’s
Theory Based on these factors Thurstone constructed
a new test of intelligence known as ‘Test of
Primary Mental Abilities (PMA).’’
Thurstone’s Primary mental abilities /Group
factor theory
 Triarchic
Theory of
Intelligence
Theories of Intelligence

Theories of
Intelligence
Bloom’s
Taxonomy
Transfer of
Learning
Constructivism

Definition
 Theories of Intelligence
Robert Sternberg (1985) has constructed a three -
pronged, or Triarchic Theory of Intelligence. The
Three types are :
1. Analytical Intelligence - It enables us to solve

Constructivism
problems and to acquire new knowledge.

Intelligence
Theories of

Transfer of
Taxonomy
Triarchic

Definition
Problem—solving skill include encoding

Learning
Bloom’s
Theory of information, combining and comparing pieces of
Intelligence information and generating a solution.
2. Creative Intelligence - Ability to cope with
novel situations and to profit from experience.
The ability to quickly relate novel situations to
familiar situations (that is, to perceive
similarities and differences) fosters adaptation.
Moreover, as a result of experience, we also
become able to solve problems more rapidly.
3. Practical Intelligence - Also called as ‘‘street
smarts’’. Enables people to adapt to the demands
of their environment.
 Theories of Intelligence
Perkins present detailed arguments that IQ
has three major components or dimensions:
1. Neural Intelligence - this refers to the

Constructivism
efficiency and precision of one’s

Intelligence
Theories of

Transfer of
Taxonomy

Definition
Learning
Bloom’s
David Perkins’ neurological system.
Theory 2. Experiential Intelligence - this refers to
one’s accumulated knowledge and
experience in different areas.
3. Reflective Intelligence - this refers to
one’s broad-based strategies for attacking
problems, for learning, and for
approaching intellectually challenging
tasks. It includes attitudes that support
persistence, systematization, and
imagination
 Problem

Creativity
Solving and
Theories of Intelligence

Theories of
Intelligence
Bloom’s
Taxonomy
Transfer of
Learning
Constructivism

Definition
 Theories of Intelligence
Torrance’s Creativity
Framework
Fluency - refers to the production of a great

Constructivism
Intelligence
Theories of

Transfer of
Taxonomy
number of ideas or alternate solutions to a

Definition
Learning
Bloom’s
problem. Fluency implies understanding, not just
remembering information that is learned.
Problem
Flexibility - refers to the production of ideas that
Solving and show a variety of possibilities or realms of thought.
Creativity It involves the ability to see things from different
points of view, to use many different approaches or
strategies.
Elaboration - the process of enhancing ideas by
providing more detail. Additional detail and clarity
improves interest in, and understanding of, the
topic.
Originality -involves the production of ideas that
are unique.
 Theories of Intelligence
Creative Problem Solving
Created by Alex Osborn & Dr. Sidney J. Parnes.
The 6 Steps are;

Constructivism
Intelligence
Theories of

Transfer of
Taxonomy

Definition
Learning
1. Mess Finding - Sensitise yourself (scan, search)

Bloom’s
for issues (concerns, challenges, opportunities etc.)
Problem that need to be tackled.
Solving and Divergent techniques include ‘Wouldn’t It Be
Creativity Nice If…’ (WIBNI) and ‘Wouldn’t It Be Awful
If…’ (WIBAI) – brainstorming to identify
desirable outcomes, and obstacles to be overcome.

Convergent techniques include the identification

of hotspots (Highlighting), expressed as a list of
IWWMs (‘In What Ways Might…’), and selection
in terms of ownership criteria (e.g. problem-
owner’s motivation and ability to influence it) and
outlook criteria (e.g. urgency, familiarity, stability).
 Theories of Intelligence
Creative Problem Solving
2. Data finding - Gather information about the

Constructivism
problem.

Intelligence
Theories of

Transfer of
Taxonomy

Definition
Learning
Divergent techniques include Five Ws and H

Bloom’s
(Who, Why, What, When, Where and How) and
Problem listing of wants, sources and data: List all your
Solving and information ‘wants’ as a series of question; for
Creativity each, list possible sources of answers; then follow
these up and for each source, list what you found.

Convergent techniques again include: identifying

hotspots (Highlighting); Mind-mapping to sort and
classify the information gathered; and also
restating the problem in the light of your richer
understanding of it.
 Theories of Intelligence
Creative Problem Solving

3. Problem Finding - convert a fuzzy statement of

Constructivism
Intelligence
Theories of
the problem into a broad statement more suitable

Transfer of
Taxonomy

Definition
Learning
Bloom’s
for idea finding.
Divergent techniques include asking ‘Why?’ etc.
Problem – the repeatable questions and Five Ws and H.
Solving and
Creativity Convergent techniques include Highlighting
again, reformulation of problem-statements to
meet the criteria that they contain only one
problem and no criteria, and selection of the most
promising statement (but NB that the mental
‘stretching’ that the activity gives to the
participants can be as important as the actual
statement chosen).
 Theories of Intelligence
Creative Problem Solving

Constructivism
Intelligence
4. Idea Finding - generate as many ideas as

Theories of

Transfer of
Taxonomy

Definition
Learning
Bloom’s
possible.
Divergence using any of a very wide range of
Problem idea-generating techniques. The general rules of
Solving and classical brainstorming (such as deferring
Creativity judgement) are likely to under-pin all of these.

Convergence can again involve hotspots or mind-

mapping, the combining of different ideas, and the
short-listing of the most promising handful,
perhaps with some thought for the more obvious
evaluation criteria, but not over-restrictively
 Theories of Intelligence
Creative Problem Solving

Constructivism
Intelligence
Theories of

Transfer of
Taxonomy

Definition
Learning
Bloom’s
Problem 5. Solution Finding - Generate and select obvious
Solving and evaluation criteria (using an expansion/contraction
Creativity cycle) and develop (which may include
combining) the short-listed ideas from Idea
Finding as much as you can in the light of these
criteria. Then opt for the best of these improved
ideas (e.g. using Comparison tables).
 Theories of Intelligence
Creative Problem Solving

Constructivism
Intelligence
Theories of

Transfer of
Taxonomy

Definition
Learning
Bloom’s
Problem
Solving and 6. Acceptance Finding – problems are exposed to
Creativity be solved, not to dishearten progress.
 Theories of
Intelligence
Bloom’s
Taxonomy
Transfer of
Learning
Constructivism

Definition
Presented by:

Lea Magtaan
Angelica Limson
PROCESS
COGNITIVE