Ethiopian institute of textile and fashion

technology
Theory of yarn spinning
Seminars on material handling
Prepared by: Bruktawit Atklt

Submitted to: Prof. Sampath

June 2021
 content
 Introduction
 Laing down of slivers
 Winding lap forming
 Winding on flayer bobbins
 Summary
 Reference
 Introduction
• Movement of materials, semi finished goods, finished
articles through various stages of production and
warehousing is material handling.

• Proper material handling offers benefits for:

- Improving productivity
- Increasing the handling capacity
- Reducing materials wastage
- Eliminating idle time of machines, equipment
and workers
- Increasing safety and minimizing accidents
Con…
There are three group of packages used as material handling
equipment's for intermediate and end products of spinning
mill.

• Containers: in which the materials is made to run like

sliver can.
• Take up formers: provides less protection for the materials
but easy for transport and unwinding process such as
spindles, cones, roving bobbins, cylinders and tubes.

• Unsupported packages: which consists only the material

for a special purpose like hunks and strands.
Lay down of the slivers
• In this process, two shifting movements of deposition
point are carried out simultaneously.
• The rotating plate R with its guide passage L draws the
sliver away from the delivery cylinders D and deposits it
on a circle.
• The turn able plate C continually rotates the can, the
deposition point of the circle is constantly shifting which
gives helical arrangement of the circles is produced
within the can.
• The delivery plate rotates at a higher speed in a second
larger plate which is also rotating at a lower speed. This
also leads to shifting of the circles and hence to cycloid
deposition.
Con…

(a) (b)

Fig1 (a) laying down of sliver and (b) sliver coiler

Con…
Over center coiling: is the coiling where the diameter of
coils is greater than the radius of the can.

Over center coiling is generally used in small to medium

sized can because lower plate speeds can be used for same
circumferential speed and the can capacity is 5-10% higher.

Under center coiling: is the coiling where the diameter of

circle of the sliver is less than the radius of the can. Under
center coiling is used in larger diameter cans.

The diameter relation is dc/ds=2.5 and dc/ds=1.45

respectively.
Con…

(a) (b)

Fig 2. under center (a) and over center coil (b)

Con…
Twist of the sliver
As the rotating plate(R) and the turn able plate(C) are
rotating it can arise twist in the sliver.

• The twist created at the plate are temporary which may

remove during pulling out of the slivers from the can.

• The turns caused by the turn able plate(C) remains

constant, which doesn’t creates turns during disposition
of slivers but it can shift the disposition point.

• Sliver twists during withdrawal when it follows the

helical coil in the can.
 Winding lap forming

The lap or web is wounded up on its full width of the

mandrel or a tube, which needs traversing mechanism since
width of a product and the package are equal.

Unwinding is difficult for such type of products because

the individual layers of the lap do not separate cleanly.

A random arrangement of fiber on the lap surface separates

the individual layers from each other.
Con…

Fig 3 winding of lap layers

 Winding on flyer bobbins
Roving frame is a machine which converts the thick, hairy
and less twisted strands to a thin, twisted and easily draft
able strand or roving for the ring spinning process.

The main function of roving frame is;

• Attenuation- drafting the sliver into roving
• Twisting the drafted strand
• Winding the twisted roving on a bobbin

 Winding is process of transferring roving from the flyer

to the roving bobbin which facilitates the next process.
Con…

(a) (b)
Fig 4 roving frame machine (a) and roving bobbin (b)
Con…
Winding Principle
• Winding is the process of transferring roving from flyer
to roving bobbin to facilitate subsequent processing.

• Robbing is cylindrical body with tapered ends, created by

building layer upon layer of parallel coils of roving.
• The angle of taper of the ends is normally between 80°
and 95°.

• Large angle - to wound more roving onto the package.

• Small angle - to ensure that the layers do not slide apart.
[Slough-off]
Con…
To create the desired shape the following motions are require;
• Bobbin rotation – to wind the roving on the roving bobbin,
bobbin speed must be higher than the flyer speed.

• Reduction of rotation by belt shifting– to achieve constant

winding speed [bobbin dia. increases, the winding on speed
must be decreased-constant]

• Bobbin rail lifter motion - to wind over the whole length of the
tube, the winding point must be continually shifted.

 Reversing the direction of movement

 Shortening of traverse/stroke after each layer has been
completed – to make tapered ends.
 This can perform by mechanical or electronical systems.
Con…
1. Mechanical driving system
• Variation in bobbin speed originates from the cone
drums. Cone drive transmission occurs in small steps
through shifting of the cone belt after each lift stroke.
• When the builder motion shifts the cone belt, the rotation
speed of the lower cone is changed.

• This declining rotation speed is transmitted via gearing to

the differential and superimposed on the constant speed
of the main shaft.
• Further gearing then transmits the resulting rotation speed
to the bobbin drive.
Con…
Bobbin drive gearing diagram
Con…
Shifting the belt
• This motion is controlled by the ratchet wheel, after each
stroke, the ratchet wheel rotate by a half tooth.
• This ratchet steps out the wire rope (1) and permits
movement of the belt guide (5) to the right.
• The tensile force required to induce movement of the belt
is exerted by a weight.
• Bobbin diameter increase, degree of shift is modified by
replacing the ratchet wheel.
• Ratchet wheel with fewer teeth - then the belt is shifted
through larger steps, i.e. it progresses more rapidly, and
vice versa
• When the bobbin is fully wound, the belt must be moved
back to its starting point- today by auxiliary motor.
Con…

Fig 5 Belt-shifting device

1. Rope
10. Ratchet wheel
5. Belt guide
7. Weight
4. belt
Movement of the bobbin rail
a. Lifter motion:
• In the package, each turn must be laid next to its
neighbors so the lay-on point must continually be moved,
by raising and lowering the bobbins supported on a
movable rail.
• Not by raising and lowering the flyers – b/c the
unsupported roving length, withdrawal angle will vary.
• Raising and lowering can be carried out by racks attached
to the rail.
• The lift speed must be reduced by a small amount after
each completed layer.
• The lift drive is also transmitted via the cone transmission
as bobbin drive.
Con…

Fig 6 Lifter motion with levers

Con…
b. Reversal of the bobbin rail movement:
• Reversal of the rail movement originates from the reversing
gear (1/2/3). Electrically operated valve pressurizes the left-
and right-hand chambers of double-acting cylinder (9)
alternately.
• Thus left-hand clutch (1) and right hand clutch (2) are
operated successively so that pinion (3) engages with either
gear wheel 1 or gear wheel 2.
• The rotation itself comes from the shaft 10, on which gear
wheels 1 and 2 are mounted, always rotating in the same
direction.
• Operation of clutch (1) or (2) causes left- or right-hand
rotation of pinion 3 and shaft 4, accordingly.
• The bobbin rail is correspondingly raised or lowered via bevel
gear 5, pinion 6, sprocket 7 and lifting chain 8.
Con…

Fig 7 Mechanism for reversing the

bobbin rail movement

1/2/3 – reversing gears

4 – shaft
5 – worm gear
6 – pinion
7 - sprocket
8 – lifting chain
9 – cylinder
10 – drive shaft
Con…
c. Shortening the lift:
• Rods 5 and 6 (a) are inclined.
• The inclination is adjustable and corresponds exactly to the
taper of the bobbin ends (angle alpha).

• During winding of a package, the ratchet is rotated at every

change-over, and the micro-switch (4) is also gradually shifted
further to the right on a slide.

• Therefore, the rods engage the micro-switch steadily earlier

in the lift stroke, reversal occurs correspondingly earlier.

• This results in a continuous reduction in the lift of the rail, the

bobbins are thus built with a taper.
Con…

1- Bobbin rail frame

2 – bobbin rail
3/7 – bracket
5/6 – rods
4 – micro switch

Fig 8 The assembly for building conical ends on the bobbins

Con…
Builder Motion:
This device has to perform the following tasks;

• To shift the belt according to the bobbin diameter increase

• To reverse the bobbin rail direction at top and bottom

• To shorten the lift after each layer to form tapered ends

Con…
2. Electronic drive system
• Electronic devices - frequency converters and individual
servomotors enabled the drive system of the roving frame
to be simplified.
• Spindles and flyers are driven directly by individual
servomotors.
• The control system ensures synchronized running
throughout package buildup.
• The drives are controlled by frequency convertes.
• Controlled machine stop is assured in the event of power
failure.
Con…

Fig 9 Electronic drive system

Con…
Advantages of electronic Drive System:

• Much simpler than mechanical drive versions.

• Lower energy consumption and reduced maintenance.

• No need of heavy counter weight for bobbin rail

balancing and differential gear.
 Summary
There are three group of packages used as material handling
equipment's for intermediate and end products of spinning
mill.

• Winding lap forming uses take up former packages which

is mandrel or tubes.

• Sliver laying down process uses a container packages

known as can.

• A process of winding on flyer bobbin uses a former

package known as roving bobbin.
 Reference
• Dr. Devanand Uttam, 2013, material handling in textile
industries, International Journal of Advanced Research in
Engineering and Applied Sciences
• www.textilesindepth.com
• https://textilelearner.net/sliver-coiling-mechanism-in-spinning-
mill/

• https://textilelearner.net/building-mechanism-of-roving-frame/
• https://www.slideshare.net/beyenedumecha/roving?from_actio
n=save

• https://www.slideshare.net/BewuketTeshome/roving-9712894
2

• https://www.textileadvisor.com/2020/02/structure-of-simplex-r
Thank you for your attention