S8 B.Tech.

Winter 2109-2020

LUBRICANTS AND ADHESIVES

SESSION 3

SET 1; 30 slides/ 112

 Composition
• The principle component of an adhesive is an
organic polymer
• At the time of application it should be in the
liquid phase. This is essential for proper
surface wetting!!!!
• It must then cure ( harden) to a cohesive solid
 Physico-chemical changes

curing

• Cross linking renders them insoluble and

infusible
All structural adhesives are cross-linked
Rubbery adhesives and glassy adhesives
• Tg is the manifestation of the motion of segments

• Pressure sensitive adhesives are examples of rubber

based adhesives
• Structural adhesives are glassy.

• IT IS UNACCEPTABLE TO PASS FROM ONE

PHASE TO ANOTHER DURING SERVICE
A commercial formulation( Phr)

• Neoprene 100
• Magnesium oxide 4-8
• Zinc oxide 5
• Antioxidant* 2
• Resins** 30-50
• Solvents*** 600

• *Butylated hydroxy toluene ( BHT)

• **p-tertiary butyl phenolics
• *** Mixture of acetone, hexane and toluene
• Phenol formaldehyde glue is widely used for making
exterior plywood commonly known as WBP(Weather
and boil proof).
• It is also used for making billiard balls.
• Suppose we mix 84 kg of silica powder with 100 kg
of phenol-formaldehyde, what fraction of the
volume would be occupied by the filler?

• Density of silica is 2.5 g/cm3

• Density of PF is 1.3 g/cm3
• 100g PF/1.3 g/cm3 = 76.9 cm3 of PF

• 84 g silica/2.65 g/cm3 = 31.69 cm3 of silica

• Volume fraction of PF = 76.9/108.89 = 0.71

• Volume fraction of silica = 31.69/108.89= 0.29

Adhesives which harden by loss of solvent

• After application the solvent is allowed to

evaporate while surfaces are being pressed
together

• Neoprene based adhesives are typical!

• They have good tackiness , rapid development of

bond strength and resistance to oils and chemicals
Adhesives which harden by the loss of water

• To reduce the use of organic solvents

• Fundamental problem of high enthalpy of
vaporisation

• Starch in water

• Bonding paper, wall paper

• Postage stamps use polyvinyl alcohol ( water
soluble)
 Adhesives which harden by the loss of water

Latex adhesives
• Product of emulsion polymerisation
• Particles are of 1 micron dimensions
• Water is 50%
• Spread on surfaces and a continuous film is formed
when water gets evaporated
• The lowest temp at which a continuous film is
formed is called MFT ( minimum film forming temp)

• MFT is closer to Tg
Adhesives which harden by cooling
• Hot melt adhesives
• Applied to substrates as a hot liquid
• Rapidly form bond when cooled!
• Used to bind many plastics
• Not suitable for metals as they conduct heat
rapidly and hence proper wetting may not be
achieved
 EVA hot melts
• A copolymer of ethylene and vinyl acetate
• 30% vinyl acetate content
• Vinyl acetate content enhances polarity

• Glue gun
• The glue gun melts the solid adhesive, then
allows the liquid to pass through its barrel
onto the material, where it solidifies.
 Polyamides
• Better heat resistance than EVA systems
• Lesser additives are required
• Good tackiness
 Adhesives which harden by chemical
reactions
• Epoxies
• Araldite
• Epoxy is mixed with hardener (amines)

• Phenolic adhesives
• Phenol mixed with excess formaldehyde
( Resole)
 Pressure sensitive adhesives
• Used on sticky tapes and labels
• They do not harden but remain permanently
sticky
 This much we have covered in the class!!!!!

• Please read the initial slides for the first

session, also (Introduction to adhesives).
• Please read more. If you need any clarification
please call me.
Adhesives are used for different types of joining and at
different points of substrates
 Problem with many adhesives:
Effect of humidity
• On exposure to air at 100%RH and 50 degree
centigrade joint strengths drop by 40-60% and
then levels off.

strength

Time
Moisture changes the dimensions of plywood in different directions:
 A typical calculation
• Each 1 % of moisture changes the dimensions
of plywood :

• Radial : 0.15%
• Tangential: 0.25 %
• Longitudinal : 0.01 % (See the previous
pictures)
 Try …
• A solid wood door is made by gluing together edges of
plywood. The width of the board is in the radial
direction. Thickness is in the tangential direction. (The
length is in the longitudinal direction.
• The door was initially trimmed to 761 mm by 2035 mm
( to fit a 765 x 2050 mm opening).
• At that time the moisture content was 9%.
• However, it later increased to 14 %.

• Will the door fit exactly?

• Radial change = 0.0015 x 5 % increase =
0.0075

• ∆L= 761 mm x 0.0075 = +5.7 mm

• Therefore 761 will now become 766.7 mm

This is higher than 765mm and hence …..
 Problem 2
• A plywood board ( width is tangential) is not
allowed to expand its width as its moisture
content increases from 5 to 10 %.
• ( Young’s modulus = 550 MPa)

• Answer: 7 MPa compression

Types of adhesive joints ( See the ways in which two pieces are
joined)
Which is (are) stable joint(s)?
Depends on the type of load?
Are the following remarks regarding joint
design correct?
Learn the joint design stability
Acknowledgements
• http://foter.com/nature/

• http://www.alpics.net/

• Other relevant websites

• Research scholars of PSTL, Dept. of Chemistry,

NITC
• My Teachers , Friends and Many Students who
inspired me throughout
Dear Students,
1. These 30 slides are a part of the final session , out of 112. The other slides shall be sent soon.

2. Please read carefully.

3. I would be available over phone / Whats App ( 9846764238) for clarifications required, if any.

4. Hope your assignment is getting ready for submission.

5. The overall evaluation strategy shall be informed when finalized.

Be Safe .

Regards