Universe

 It is the whole cosmic system of matter and energy of which Earth,

and therefore human race, is a part.
1. Creation Myth
2. Scientific Theories
Creation Myth
A symbolic narrative of the
beginning of the world as
understood by culture. For
example according to Genesis,
the creation of the entire
cosmos took place in six days.
The Biblical creation tells that
God created the universe.
Characteristics of Creation Myth

1. All creations myths are etiological

2. Philosophical and theological elaboration
3. Assumes spiritual world
Scientific Theory

1. Big Bang Theory

2. Steady State Theory
Big Bang Theory
1. Inflation epoch (10-35 to 10-33 seconds) – the universe expanded from the size of an atomic
nucleus to 1035 meters in width.
2. Formation of the universe (10-6 seconds) – universe is expanding and became distinct: gravity,
strong nuclear force that held the nucleic together, weak nuclear force and electromagnetic
force.
3. Formation of basic elements (3 seconds) – Protons and neutrons combine to form hydrogen,
then hydrogen combine in pairs to form helium nuclei. (nucleosynthesis)
4. Radiation era (10,000 years) – Most energy are in the form of radiation, that include different
wavelengths of light, X-rays, radio waves, and ultraviolet rays. (cosmic microwave background
radiation)
5. Matter domination (300,000 years) – Matter began to dominate. At this stage, lithium atom
began to be formed. Electrons joined with hydrogen and helium nuclei to make scales neutral
atoms.
6. Birth of stars and galaxies (300 million years) – The slightly irregular areas of gas cloud
gravitational attract nearby matter and became denser. The dense gas clouds collapsed and
eventually gain enough mass to ignite producing light.
The Four Basic Forces
1. Strong force – short-ranged (10-13cm) attractive
force that bind the nucleus
2. Electromagnetic force – long-range force that binds
atoms which may either be attractive or repulsive,
which binds atoms
3. Weak force – short-range force present in radioactive
decay
4. Gravitational force – weak, long-ranged, and
attractive force which binds the solar system
Unresolved problems of Big Bang
1. Flatness – The Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy
Probe (WMAP) said that the geometry of the
universe is nearly flat.
2. Monopole – no magnetic monopoles have been
observed.
3. Horizon – evidence showing distant regions of space
must have been in contact with each other in the
past.
Steady State Theory

1948, (Thomas Gold, Fred Hoyle, Hermann

Bondi)
The theory proposed that the universe is
unchanging in time and uniform in space
Does the Steady State theory agreed that the
universe is expanding?
Perfect Cosmological Principle
• known by the middle of the 20th century
• The universe is homogenous and isotropic in space and time; the
same as it always has and always will
• Views continuous creation of matter at the same rate that old ones
become unobservable.
• No creation and no destruction
• rejected
Inflation Theory
1948, (Thomas Gold, Fred Hoyle, Hermann
Bondi)
The theory proposed that the universe is
unchanging in time and uniform in space