Mathematical

System
Mathematical System
• A structure formed from one or more sets
of undefined objects, various concepts 
which may or may not be defined, and a
set of axioms relating these objects and 
concepts.
A. Undefined Terms
• In geometry, definitions are formed using known
words or terms to describe a new word.
• There are terms in geometry that are not formally
defined.
• This three undefined terms are point, line and
plane.
Point
• Has no dimension: no length, no width
or no thickness.
• It only indicates place or positions.
• Usually represented by a dot.
Example:

A
• The above is called Point A.
• Note: The point is represented by a
capital letter.
Line
• Has one dimension: length
• An infinite set of points extending endlessly
in two directions.
• Represented as a straight line with two
arrowheads.
Example:
• This is Line k (using italized small letter)
A
or symbolically we call it
Notice: The arrowheads are in both B
directions on the symbols. k
Plane
• Extends in two directions: length and width
• A flat surface extending indefinitely in all
directions.
• Represented by a slanted 4 sided figure, but you
must envision it extends without end, even
though the representation has edges.
Example

• This is Plane M or Plane KLN

(be sure to only use three of L N

the points when naming a plane) M

K
Exercise 1: Name the points, lines and planes
in the given figure.
1.

POINT LINE PLANE

Point J or Plane B
Point K or Plane JKL
Point L or Plane KLM
Point M Line a Plane JLM
2.
 Activity 3: Name the points, lines and planes
in the given figure.
1. 2.
 B. Defined Terms
The four characteristics of a good definition are:
1. It names the term being defined;
2. 2. It places the term into a set or category;
3. 3. It distinguishes itself from other terms in that category ( without
providing unnecessary facts)
4. 4. It is reversible.
Ex. If a triangle is isosceles, then it has two congruent sides. If a
triangle has two congruent sides, then it is isosceles.
Some defined terms are:

• Line segment • Midpoint

• Ray • Circle, etc.
• Angle
• Distance
Line segment

• Consist of two points (endpoints) and all the

points between them.
• Ex.
Ray

• It is a line with a single endpoint (or point of

origin) that extends infinitely in one direction.
• Ex.
• This is .
Angle

• It is the figure formed by two rays, called the sides of

the angle, sharing a common endpoint, called the
vertex of the angle.
• Ex.