CHI-

CONTENTS OF THE
PRESENTATION:

- Brief History
-Explanation of Formula
- Uses of Chi-Square
- Sample problem
 CHI-SQAURE is a
statistical tool used
to compare how a
model differs to DEFINI
actual observed
data. TION
 EF
ON IIN
A BRIEF
HISTORY of
CHI-SQUARE
and ITS
CONTRIBUTI
FOUNDER
KARL PEARSON

Born: March 27, 1857,

London, England
Died: April 27, 1936

A British statistician, leading

founder of the modern field
of statistics, prominent
proponent of eugenics, and
influential interpreter of the
philosophy and social role of
science.
• Developed the Chi-Square
test that was published on
July 1990,
• He coined the term “Standard
Deviation”
• Developed the product-
moment correlation
 He initially developed the chi-
square test in 1900 and applied it
to test the goodness of fit for
frequency curves. He emphasized
measuring correlations and fitting
curves to the data, and for the
latter purpose he developed the
new chi-square distribution.
COUNTRY of
ORIGIN
UNITE
D
KINGD
THE CHI-
SQUARE
FORMULA
Where:
X2 = Chi-Squared
O = observed data
E = expected data
STEPS in getting the chi-
squared
1. Calculate the expected frequencies and the
observed frequencies.

2. For each observed number in the table subtract

the corresponding expected number (O — E).

3. Square the difference (O —E)².

4. Divide the squares obtained for each cell in the

table by the expected number for that cell (O - E)² /
E.
5. Sum all the values for (O - E)² / E. This
is the chi square statistic.

6. Calculate the degrees of freedom for

the contingency table using the
following formula; df= (rows - 1) x
(columns – 1).

7. Then check the chi-square table to

either reject or fail to reject the
hypothesis
When solving for chi-square test of independence,
expected values are not given. If such cases occur, you
calculate expected values by:

1. Summing up all the observed frequencies in a row of

a category as well as in a column of a category. Then
find the grand total.

2. Multiply the total number of frequency in a row of a

category by the total number of frequency in a
column of a category.

3. Then divide the product by the grand total.

USES OF
CHI-
SQUARE
To compare observed
results with expected
results. This is to
determine if a difference
between observed data
and expected data is due
to chance or due to a
relationship
A
SAMPL
 A grade 7 head adviser wanted to learn
more about grade 7 students by asking the
advisers to determine what their students'
preferred hobbies are. While they're at it, she
decided to determine if whether there's a
relation between the genders of the students
to their preferred hobbies or none. She
hypothesized that there's no such relations
because that's what her gut says but for the
sake of logic she statistically analyzed it
anyway.
 PREFERRED HOBBIES
PLAYING
GENDER READING DRAWING SINGING DANCING TOTAL
GAMES

Male 15 21 24 16 14 90

Expected value 18 18 18 20.25/ 20 15.75/ 16

Female 25 19 16 29 21 110

Expected value 22 22 22 24.75/ 25 19.25/ 19

200
TOTAL 40 40 40 45 30
Grand total
 Step 2: Oi – Ei
15 - 18 = -3 25 - 22 =3
21 - 18 =3 19 - 22 = -3
24 - 18 =6 16 - 22 =6
16 – 20.25 = -4.25 29 – 24.75 = 4.25
14 – 15.75 = -1.75 21 – 19.25 = 1.75
 Step 3: (Oi – Ei) 2

-3 2
=9 3 2
=9
3 2
=9 -3 2
=9
62 =36 62 =36
(-4.25) 2 =18.06 4.252 =18.06
(-1.25) 2 =3.06 1.752 =3.06
 Step 4:

=0.5 =0.41

=0.5 =0.41

=2 =1.64

=0.89 =0.73

=0.19 =0.16
 Step 5:

0.5 + 0.5 + 2 +
0.89 + 0.19 + 0.41 =7.43
+ 0.41 + 1.64 +
0.73 + 0.16
Step 6: Find degrees of freedom and Level of
significance
Df =
Step 7: Check Chi-Square table to either reject or fail to reject the hypothesis
Conclusion:
We failed to reject the null hypothesis because the
gathered data is not significant enough to reject the
null hypothesis:
There is no relation between the genders and the
preferred hobbies of grade 7 students.