Diagnostic Systems And Types Of OBD

1
What Is Diagnosis?
The on-board diagnostic system is the vehicle's
self-diagnosis function that is provided by the ECU
(Electronic Control Unit).

Upon receiving the signals from the sensors that

detect the conditions of the vehicle, the ECU
transmits signals to the actuators optimally for the
current conditions.
The ECU receives signals from the sensors in the
form of voltage.
The ECU can determine the conditions of the
system by detecting the changes in the voltage of
the signals that are output by the sensors.
Thus, the ECU constantly monitors the input signals
(voltage), compares them to the standard values that
are stored in the ECU's memory, and determines any
abnormal conditions 2
Principal of OBD (On-Board Diagnosis)

The graph on the right shows the characteristics of

a water temperature sensor. Normally, the voltage
of the water temperature sensor should vary
between 0.1V and 4.8V.

3
If a voltage within this range is input, the ECU
determines that the condition is normal.

If it is a short circuit (the input voltage is less than

0.1V) or an open circuit (the input voltage is more
than 4.8V), the ECU determines that it is abnormal.

If the ECU determines the input signal to be

abnormal, the ECU illuminates the MIL (Malfunction
Indicator Light) to alert the driver and stores a DTC
(Diagnostic Trouble Code) in its memory.

4
Description
The engine ECU possesses an OBD (On-Board
Diagnostic) function which constantly monitors each
sensor and actuator. If it detects a malfunction, the
malfunction is recorded as a DTC (Diagnostic Trouble
Code) and the MIL (Malfunction Indicator Lamp) on
the combination meter lights up to inform the driver5
By connecting the hand-held tester to DLC3, direct
communication with the engine ECU can be
performed via terminal SIL to confirm the DTC.
The DTC can also be confirmed by causing the MIL
to blink, then checking the blinking pattern.
HINT:
The MIL may also be called the CHECK ENGINE
warning light or engine system warning light.

6
 Why Is OBD Needed?
Maintain Emission Control Systems In-Use
Deterioration with age

Oldest 20% of vehicles cause 60% of pollution

Help Technicians Properly Diagnose and Repair
Complex Problems

Encourages design of durable and robust emission

control systems

Helps keep emissions low by identifying emission

controls in need of repair

Provides for effective/inexpensive emission

inspections
 Works for life of the vehicle
7
Reading DTCs
The DTCs can be displayed on the tester's display in
the form of 5-digit codes by connecting a hand-held
tester to DLC3 (Data Link Connector 3).
2-digit DTCs can be output through the blinking of the
MIL by shorting the terminals TE1 and E1 (or TC and
CG) of DLC 1, 2, or 3.
HINT:
Note that for some vehicles with Diesel EFI, only 2-
digit DTCs are displayed.
Example :
DTC 22: Water temperature sensor circuit
malfunction
DTC 24 (1): Intake air temp. sensor circuit
malfunction
DTC24 (2): Atmospheric temp. sensor circuit
malfunction
8
Outline of Hand-held Tester
What Is Hand-held Tester?

The DTCs that are stored in the

ECU can be displayed on
a handheld tester by establishing
communication directly
with the ECU.

In addition, the hand-held tester

can clear the DTCs from theECU's
memory.

The hand-held tester provides

other functions such as displaying
the information data by
communicating with
the ECU by various sensors, or
serving as a voltmeter or
an oscilloscope

9
HINT:
•The hand-held tester is also called an intelligent
tester or an OBD-II scan tool.
•An I/O cartridge, which supports CARB OBD-II, is
available either as a cartridge type or a substrate
type

Using a Hand-held Tester for

Troubleshooting

The following procedures are for

using the hand-held tester to
troubleshoot the systems that
are controlled by the ECU.
In this example, the problem is
with an idle speed that does not
increase when the air conditioner
switch is turned ON

10
1. Checking the data list
Turn ON the A/C switch in the vehicle, and use the hand-held
tester to check whether a normal air conditioner switch signal
(which is "ON" in this case) is being output.
(1) Normal air conditioner switch signal (ON)Perform the active
test to identify the problem area on the output side.
(2) Abnormal air conditioner switch signal (OFF)
The problem is with the switch or with the input signals
reaching the ECU 11
2. Active test
If the input data is normal, perform the active
test to confirm the operating conditions of the
engine.
(1) Idling-up did increase with the active test
It is determined that the ISCV (Idle Speed
Control Valve) is operating normally. Therefore
the ISCV (which is the actuator) and the wiring
harness are normal, it can be determined that
the problem is in the ECU.
(2) Idling-up did not increase with an active
test
It is determined that the ISCV is not operating.
Therefore, there can be determined a problem
with the ISCV, wiring harness, or the ECU. (To
identify the source of the problem, it is
necessary to inspect the individual components.
As described above, the problem areas
can be easily identified by using the
data list and active test functions for
troubleshooting the systems that are
controlled by the ECU.
12
Type of OBD
To confirm the DTC or data recorded by the engine
ECU, a diagnosis system called MOBD, CARB OBD
II, EURO OBD or ENHANCED OBD II is used to
communicate directly with the engine ECU. Each
of these systems displays a 5-digit DTC on the
hand-held tester.

1. MOBD
The MOBD is diagnosis system unique to Toyota.
It can be used to check the DTC or data for
Toyota Åfs own items.

2. CARB OBD II
The CARB OBD II is an emission diagnostic
system used in the USA and Canada. It is used
to check the DTC or data for items required by
US and Canadian regulations. 13
3. EURO OBD
The EURO OBD is an emission diagnostic system used in Europe. It is used to
check the DTC or data for items required by European regulations.
4. ENHANCED OBD II
The ENHANCED OBD II is a diagnostic system used in the USA and Canada.
It is used to check items required by US and Canadian regulations, and check
the DTC or data for Toyota Åfs
own items.

HINT:
The earlier type of OBD used the MIL blinking pattern
to check the DTC.
The system read the data output by the engine ECU
without communicating with the engine ECU.
14
 Principal of Diagnosis
The engine ECU receives signals from the sensors
in the form of voltage.

The engine ECU can determine the conditions of the

engine or the vehicle running by detecting the
changes in the voltage of the signals that are output
by the sensors.

Thus, the engine ECU constantly monitors the input

signals (voltage), compares them to the reference
values that are stored in the engine ECU's memory,
and determines any abnormal conditions.

15
The graph on the left shows the characteristics of a water
temperature sensor.
Normally, the voltage of the water temperature sensor should
vary between 0.1V and 4.8V. When a voltage within this range is
input, the engine ECU determines that the condition is normal.
If short (the input voltage is less than 0.1 V) or broken wire (the
input voltage is more than 4.8 V) occurs, it determines abnormal.
However, even if the range of 0.1V to 4.8V is normal for diagnostic
purposes, it may indicate a malfunction depending on the engine
condition.
16
Function of MIL
The MIL has the following functions
1. Lamp check function (engine
stopped) The MIL is turned on when
the ignition switch is turned to ON,
and it turns off when the engine
speed reaches 400 rpm or more, to
check whether the bulb is
functioning or not.

2. Malfunction indicator function

(engine running)

If the engine ECU detects a malfunction in

a circuit, the engine ECU is monitoring
while the engine is running, it turns on the
MIL to inform the driver of a malfunction.
When the malfunction has returned to
normal, the lamp goes off after 5 seconds.
For CARB OBD II and EURO OBD, when a
malfunction returns to normal, the MIL
turns off if no malfunction is detected in
three continuous driving cycles 17
HINT:
DTCs include some items where the DTC is stored in
the engine ECU by detecting a malfunction, but the
MIL does not turn on.

3. Diagnostic code display function

When shorted the terminals TE1-E1 on vehicles equipped with only
DLC1 and DLC2, the DTC is displayed by the MIL blinking pattern. On
vehicles equipped with DLC3, when shorted the terminals TC-CG,
there are systems where the DTC is displayed by the MIL blinking
pattern, and systems where the MIL does not blink.

18
Tester Cable Connections
To connect the hand-held tester to a
vehicle, select and enter the vehicle
model and the system for checking the
data and the DTCs on the tester. Then,
select and use acable that can be
connected to the DLC (Data Link
Connector) that appears on the tester's
display panel.

1. DLC3 type
Use DLC and DLC3 cables. On vehicles
for Europe
and General countries, connect a VIM
(Vehicle Interface Module) between the
DLC and DLC3 cables.
2. DLC1 or DLC2 type
Use a DLC cable, VIM, and a DLC1 or
DLC2 cable

19
 Fail-safe and Back-up Function

Fail-safe Function
Purpose of the fail-safe function
If the ECU detects a malfunction in any of the input
signal systems, the fail-safe function controls the
engine using standard values contained in the engine
ECU, or stops the engine to prevent engine problems
or catalytic overheating which might occur if control
continued based on the circuitry with abnormal
signals.

20
 .
The relationship between circuitry with abnormal
signals and the fail-safe function is shown in the
table below

21
 Back-up Function
The back-up function switches over to fixed
signal control by the back-up IC to permit driving
in cases when a malfunction occurs in the
microcomputer inside the engine ECU.
The back-up function only controls basic
functions, so it is unable to provide the same level
of engine performance as when the engine is
operating normally.
1. Operation of the back-up function
The engine ECU switches to back-up mode if the
microcomputer is unable to output the ignition timing
(IGT) signal.
 When back-up mode is executed, the fuel injection
duration and ignition timing are activated at their
respective fixed values in response to the starter signal
(STA) and IDL signal.

The MIL also lights up to inform the driver of a

22
malfunction.
 Basic OBD Diagnostic Procedure
System waits for right monitoring conditions

Observes Signals Entering the Computer

Directly from the component/system, or
Related to performance of component/system

Verifies Peformance /Functionality / Rationality

Malfunction criteria

Notifies Driver of Fault

MIL illumination
Unique fault code storage
Freeze frame information

23
 EFI SYSTEM DIAGNOSTIC FUNCTION (TOYOTA)

►The ECU contains a built-in diagnostic function.

►Depending on the vehicle model, the diagnostic

system has a normal mode only, or it can have a
normal mode and a test mode.

Normal mode – when malfunction is detected ECU

registers the system, this information is retained in
memory even after the ignition switch is turned off.

Test mode – used to detect intermittent problems

such as poor contact which are difficult to detect
in the normal mode.

24
 Accessing fault codes (Toyota)
• Fault code can be read in different ways
• Using check engine lamp
• Using hand held equipments
• Using computers organized for diagnosis purpose.

Using check engine lamp

Normal mode
By connecting TE1 and E1 terminals of check
connector or TDCL
Test mode
By connecting TE2 and E1

25
Check connector and TDCL

26
 . "CHECK ENGINE" LAMP CHECK

• The "CHECK ENGINE" lamp

should come on when the ignition
switch is turned on (engine not
running).
• When the engine is started, the
"CHECK ENGINE" lamp should go
off. If the light remains on, it
indicates that the diagnostic
system has detected a
malfunction or abnormality in the
diagnostic system.
27
Electrical Circuitry

28
 2. OUTPUT OF DIAGNOSTIC CODES

• To output the diagnostic codes, proceed as

follows:

A. Initial conditions:
• Battery voltage at 11 V or higher
• Transmission in "N" range
• All accessories switched off

B. Turn the ignition switch on.

C. Using the SST, connect terminal T or TE1 with

terminal E1 of the check connector or the TDCL.

D. Read the diagnostic code as indicated by the

number of flashes of the "CHECK ENGINE" lamp.
29
 DIAGNOSTIC CODES

1.Normal code indication

• The lamp will alternately blink on and off 2
times per second.

30
 2. Malfunction code indication

As an example, the blinking patterns for codes 12

and 31 are as shown in the illustration.
• The lamp will blink the number of times equal to
the malfunction code.

31
It will go off for a longer period as
follows:
Once between the first and second
digit of the same code, 1.5 seconds.
Once between one code and the next
code, 2.5 seconds.
Once between all malfunction codes,
4.5 seconds.
NOTE:
The diagnostic code series will be
repeated as long as check connector
terminals TE1 and E1 are connected.
32
In the event of a number of malfunction codes,
indication will begin from the small value and
continue in order to the larger value (s).

When the automatic transmission is in the "D", "2",

"L" or "R" range, or when the air condi­tioner is on,
or when the accelerator pedal is depressed, code
"51" (switch condition signal) will be output, but
this is normal.

After the diagnostic code check, remove the SST

from the check connector

Repair the fault and clear the diagnostic code by

removing BATT 15A fuse or battery terminal for 10
seconds.
33
One Digit system

34