STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY

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GROUP 8
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 STATISTICS

BASIC STATISTICS MEAN, MEDIAN, MODE

STANDARD DEVIATION, VARIANCE PROBABILITY

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 BASIC STATISTICS

Statistics is the science of dealing with numbers . It

is used for collection , summarization ,
presentation and analysis of data.
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 Types Of Statistics
1. Descriptive Statistics 2. Inferential Statistics
It consists of methods for organizing and
It consists of methods for drawing and
summarizing information. – Includes-
measuring the reliability of conclusions
graphs, charts, tables & calculation of
about population based on information
averages, percentiles.
obtained. – Includes- point estimation,
interval estimation, hypothesis testing.
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 Terms in Statistics
● Population ● Parameters
It is the collection of all individuals or used to summarize the features of the
items under consideration in a statistical population under investigation.
study.
● Statistic
● Sample it describes a characteristics of the
It is the part of the population from sample, which can then be used to make
which information is collected. • inference about unknown parameters.
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 Application of statistics in daily life

Statistics are often used in research in various fields, such as

marketing, economics, business, industry, and others. With the
statistics, a conclusion will be obtained and facilitate the decision-
making process.
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 The mean (also know as average), The
value of a group of data obtained from
the sum of the entire data in a group is
divided by the amount of data.
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― Irene M. Pepperberg
 Formula for grouped data

Formula for ungrouped data

● xi = ith observation, 1 ≤ i ≤
n
• ∑fixi = Sum of
● ∑xi = Sum of observations
● n = sum of frequencies  frequencies multiplied
by observation
• ∑fi = Sum of
frequencies
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 The median is the middle
value of the data set that
has been sorted from the
smallest size.
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 Formula for grouped data

Formula for ungrouped data

where,
• L = lower boundary/lower
limit point of median class
• n =Total frequency 
• cf =Cumulative frequency of
the class preceding the
median class
• f =Frequency of the median
class
• C =class length of median
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class
 Mode is the value that
most often appears in a
statistical data.
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 Formula for ungrouped data Formula for grouped data

just look at the data, which

data appears the most.
• L=lower boundary point of
mode class 
• f1= frequency of the mode
class 
• f0= frequency of the
preceding class 
• f2= frequency of the
succedding class 
• c= class length of mode class 
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 Example mean, median and mode, for ungrouped
data
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 Example for ungrouped data

Find the median of this data:

1,4,2,5,0

Solution:
Put the data in order first:
0,1,2,4,5

There is an odd number of data points, so the median is the

middle data point.
0,1,2,4,5

The median is 2.
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 Example for ungrouped data

Ms. Norris asked students in her class how many siblings they
each had.

Find the mode of the data:

0,0,1,1,1,1,1,1,2,2,2,3,5

Look for the value that occurs the most:

0,0,1,1,1,1,1,1,2,2,2,3,5

The mode is 1 sibling.

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 Example for grouped data
Example: You grew fifty baby carrots using special soil. You dig them up and measure
their lengths (to the nearest mm) and group the results:
Length (mm) Frequency
150-154 5
155-159 2
Calculate mean, median, mode!
160-164 6
165-169 8
170-174 9
175-179 11
180-184 6
185-189 3
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 Example for grouped data
Mean
Length Frequency Midpoint f.x
(mm) x
150-154 5 152 760
155-159 2 157 314
160-164 6 162 972
Estimated Mean = 8530/50
165-169 8 167 1336
170-174 9 172 1548 =170.6 mm
175-179 11 177 1947
180-184 6 182 1092
185-189 3 187 561
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Totals 50 8530
 ● Median
● The Median is the mean of the 25th and the 26th length, so is in the 170 - 174 group:
• L = 169.5 (the lower class boundary of the 170 - 174 group)
• n = 50
• B = 5 + 2 + 6 + 8 = 21
• G = 9
• w = 5

Me × 5

= 169.5 + 2.22...
= 171.7 mm (to 1 decimal)
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 Example for grouped data
● Mode
● The Modal group is the one with the highest frequency, which is 175 - 179:
• L = 174.5 (the lower class boundary of the 175 - 179 group)
• fm-1 = 9
• fm = 11
• fm+1 = 6
• w=5

Mo × 5
= 174.5 + 1.42...
= 175.9 mm (to 1 decimal)
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 Standard Deviation, Variance
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 Quartile
Quartiles divide the entire set into four equal parts. So, there are three quartiles,
first, second, and third represented by Q1, Q2, Q3 respectively.

Lower Quartile Middle Quartile Upper Quartile

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 decile

/ ungrouped data
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percentile
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 STANDARD DEVIATION AND VARIANCE

Variance and Standard Deviation are the two important

measurements in statistics. Variance is a measure of how
data points vary from the mean, whereas standard
deviation is the measure of the distribution of statistical
data. The basic difference between both is standard
deviation is represented in the same units as the mean of
data, while the variance is represented in squared units.
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 Formula Of Sample Standard Deviation

Formula Of Population Standard Deviation

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 EXAMPLE
Find the Sample Standard Deviation and Variance if the following
data set is 25, 26, 32, 37, 40

The formula sample standard deviation

s=
s = 6,6

The formula of sample variance :

=
=
= 43,5
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 PROBABILITY

Probability could be interpreted as a way that

is done to find out the possibility of an event.
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 Terms In Probability
 Experiment
An activity which give some of probability.
The example : Throw the dice, and throw the coin.

 Sample space
Set of all possible outcomes for an event. The example :
The sample space of a dice is S : {1,2,3,4,5,6} = 6
The sample space of a coin is S : (heads (H) and tails (T) = 2

 Outcome
Members from the sample of space or possible possibilities.
Simple point of a dice is
(1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (6)
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 Rules Of Enumeration
1. Factorial 2. Permutation
Permutation for some elements is composing or arranging those
Multiplication result of all the positive discrete elements in a specific order.
numbers from 1 to n called n-factorial and Permutation of k element from n elements
notated as n! composition of k from district elements with pay attention to the order
is permutation of k from n elements (k n)
So, n! = 1 x 2 x 3 x 4 x ... x (n-1) x n, or
p(n,k) =
n! = n (n-1) x (n-2) x ... x 3 x 2 x 1, where 1! = 1
and 0! = 1 ●Example
● Example: From 5 books which different subject, 3 books is withdraw and will
Determines the value of 4! be put on the book rack. how many ways that the books will be
arrenged on be rack ?
● Answer:
4! = 4 x 3 x 2 x 1 = 24 ●Answer :
Number of ways in arranging the books is permutation of 3 from 5
books as follow.
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p(5,3) = = = 60
 Types Of Permutation
a. Permutation of n elements : n!
 Permutation with all of elements
 Example :
A, B, C, D, E, and F are six students. In how
manybways can they be seated in a row if D,
E, and F must sit beside each other
Answer
D, E, and F must sit beside each other
Consider D, E, and F as one person A, B, C, D
EF
The 4 person can be arranged in 4! Ways
But D, E, and F can be arranged in 3! ways
while seated together
Thus, the number of arrangements = 3! × 4! =
(3×2×1) × (4×3×2×1) = 6×24 = 144
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b. Permutation with equal elements
Number of permutation of n elements
consits of k same elements, l same elements,...,
m same elements where (k+l+...+mn) can be
determined as follow:
p=
Example :
there are 2 red balls, 1 blue balls, and 3 white
balls where all ball are identical. how many ways
can be used to arrange the ball side by side?
answer :
number of ways to arrange those balls is = = 24
 c. Cyclical Permutation

Types Of Determaining a cyclical permutation can be

obtained by determined one object at the specific

Permutatio
position first, and then determined the remaining
object position, so if there are n distinct object,
then
number of cyclical permutation of n elements form

n
is (n - 1)!

Example :
how many ways can be used to arrange place for
5 peoples in roundtable form ?
answer :
number of ways to arrange 5 peoples in a
roundtable form is (5 - 1)! = 4! = 24
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 3. Combination

Combination states the amount of complication of objects by not paying

attention to order of selection. It seems that the combination of r elements
from n elements is :
=
Read: n choose r
Example
 at an employee reception, an applicant must work 6 out of 14
questions. Questions 1 to 3 must be done. Many choices of
questions to do are…
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  Solution:
In 14 questions, there are 3 questions to be answered (1, 2, 3), so the remaining
questions that can be chosen are:
n = 14 – 3
n = 11
Employees are required to work on 6 questions, then the remaining questions
are:
r=6–3
r=3
So, many choices of questions that can be done:
=

choices
So, the number of choices of questions that can be done is 165 choices.
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 Chance of Occurrence
1. Explanation 2. Expected Value E(X)
Possibility of occurrence of an event from a set universe provided
that Definition
“An expected frequency of an event is a result of the
Then multiplication between number of trials and the
Certainty : probability of the possible event will be happened in
n(A) : number of possible occurrences of event A.
n(S) : number of all possible events.
a trial.”
Mathematicaliy, the expected frequency is
Example formulated as follow:
A dice with six sides is thrown in one time. Determine the fh(A) = n x P(A)
problem that a dice will shows a number that exceed 2 ? Note : fh(A) = expected frequency of an event A
Answer:
n = number of trials
Suppose that A is an event that the dice shows a number that
exceed 2, P(A) = Probability of an event A will be
S = n(S) = 6 happened
A = n(A) = 4
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So, P(A) = =
 Example

In drawing one card from a set of bridge card randomly with reverision,
determine the expected frequency of a King card will be drawn if the trial is
repeated 91 times !
Answer :
P(A) = Probability of event a King card will be drawn from a set of bridge card.
n(S) = number of card from a set of bridge card = 52
n(A) = number of King card from a set bridge card = 4
n = number of trial = 91
P(A) =
So, fh(A) = 91 x = 7
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 Probability of Occurrence

3. Compound event opportunities

a.) Not mutually exclusive c.) Independent events
if A and B are two events that are in the sample If an event does not affect another event.
space of S :
d.) Conditional event
opportunity of occurrence
An event that states the chance of occurrence of event A
after occurrence of B
b.) Mutually exclusive events
The condition of this event is if there are no
e. Opportunity to complement an event
slices between 2 sets so that
If A and A’ are two mutually complementary
So,
occurrences, the chance of complement occurrence A
(written p(A’)) is
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 THANK YOU
Any Question?
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 . .

1 PIE CHART 2 BAR GRAPH

Bars represent the

Shows how large each category is in relation to
the whole amount of data in each
category
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 . .

3 PARETO CHART 4 SIDE- BY- SIDE BAR GRAPH

A bar graph that

A bar graph with bars in compares the same
order of desending categories for different
frequency groups
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 . .

5 STACKED BAR GRPH

Compares the same categories for different groups and shows category totals.
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 . .

1 HISTOGRAM 2 FREQUENCY POLYGON OGIVE

A bar graph for quantitative data, where the horizontal

axis is number line, bars should be touching. Straight tines connecting midpoints line graph
connecting upper class boundaries .
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 5
3
STEM PLOT LINE GRAPH
Leaves are least significant digit and
stem is all other digits. Retains data.

4 DOT PLOT

A dot placed above each data label

for each data value. Retains data
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 Quiz
1. Tepi bawah in English is …
2. Mutually exclusive in Bahasa is …
3. … is a part of the population
4. is a formula of …
5. if event A affects the output of event B or vice versa, then A and B are …
6. If we want to know how many difference way to arrange people sit in the circle, then
we can use …
7. n choose r is a way to read … formula
8. … is the value in the middle of the data that has been sorted from smallest to largest
9. There are three kinds of quartile, namely lower quartile, middle quartile, and …
10. … is the set of all possible experimental results
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