AMBO UNIVERSITY

HACHALU HUNDESSA
CAMPUS
GROUP NAME ID/NO

1.DITA GEMEDO------------------A/UR27813/11
2.OLINAF KUMESA ---------------A/UR27182/11
3.NAHOM KACHA----------------A/UR27770/11
INTRODUCTION TO
PRESSURE VESSEL
 DEFINITION OF PRESSURE VESSEL
 Pressure vessels are the containers for fluids under high pressure.
 A pressure vessel is created to house fluids that are subject to pressure and is connected to other
machinery.
 There are two forms of pressure vessels: fired and unfired.
 a fired pressure vessels is partially or totally open to burners and combustion gases and is prone to
overheating. and
 an unfired pressure vessel is any type of pressure vessel that is not fired vessel; there is a lesser risk
of overheating. unfired pressure vessels are very help full in preventing corrosion by being an
instrument of heat exchange.
 General objective
The general objective of our project is to design vertical unfired pressure vessel with
hemispherical head and that have skirt support which used to store gasoline.

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE
Our specific objective is to design each and components of vertical unfired pressure vessel such as;
 Cylinder of pressure vessel.
 Support of pressure vessel
 Reinforcement of pressure vessel.
 Nozzle of pressure vessel.
 Head and shell parts.
 Manhole, input, output of pressure vessel and other component of vessel.
 Significance of the study
Design our pressure vessel which is used to contain fluid without any leak under operating pressures
may lead to failure of the pressure vessel which causes the property damage.
To create the pressure vessels of the fluids that are subject to pressure
 Literature Review
DEVARAJU AND PAZHANIVEL (2015): Have studied stress analysis on pressure vessels by
considering the internal pressure, self-weight and the fluid weight. They concluded that the stress acting
on the shell of the pressure vessel designed is much less than that of the allowable stress of the material.
Thus, the pressure vessel is safe for the usage.
Merlin and chitaranjan (2017): have studied different types of end domes in the analysis of
pressure vessel considering tori spherical and hemispherical heads. They concluded that the stress
accumulated in the tori-spherical head was minimum as compared to hemispherical head.
Dr. D. V. Bhope :He did FE analysis of horizontal and vertical pressure vessel and found out that
magnitude of stresses is high for flat circular end pressure vessel while magnitude of stresses is lower in
case of hemispherical and dished end pressure vessel. Flat circular end is not preferred for pressure
vessel and hemispherical and dished ends are considered for better end connections.
 MATERIAL SELECTION

 The following factors should be considered while selecting the material:

 cost of the materials

 Availability of the material
 Strength requirements
 Corrosion resistance
 Mechanical properties etc…
 Cont.
 The most common pressure vessel material is steel. There are different kinds of steel used in pressure
vessel design. Three of the most common ones are; carbon steel, alloyed steel, and stainless steel.
Among them we select stainless steel.
 Based on the given specifications we select Stainless steel of grade UR52N+. which is a low stainless
steel containing chromium and molybdenum as strengthening agents.
It has good mechanical properties ;such as
 good strength
 good resistance to corrosion and oxidation at elevated temperatures
 have excellent heat resistance,
 high strength and ductility and also
 Weld-ability and toughness
 Given Parameters and Assumption for the Design
.

No. Parameter Criterion symbol

1 Volume 19m3 v
2 Design pressure 6MPa p
3 Design temperature 850K T
4 Vessel orientation vertical -
5 Working fluid Gasoline -
6 Support type Skirt -
7 Head hemispherical -

No. Parameter Value symbol

1 Corrosion allowance 0.02 CA
2 Factor of safety 1.5 FS
3 Joint efficiency for shell 0.85 E
Table of Some mechanical properties of selected
material
.
N Parameter Value
o

1 Temperature 650ºC

2 Tensile Strength 770Mpa

3 Yield stress 550Mpa

4 Density 7810(kg/m3)

5 Elastic Modulus 205 (Gpa)

 Design the Size of pressure vessel
Based on the given parameter we can calculate the length of pressure vessel. According to ASME the
ratio of the length to diameter is less than 5.
V=19m3 D= 2000mm = 2m and volume of hemispherical v= πr3
Total volume= volume of the shell + 2xvolume of head.
V= πr2h + πr3 then from this equation we can find h.
H=
H= 4.7m
Then the ratio of H/D =4.7m/2m =2.35
Therefore if the ratio H/D is less than 5, the size of the pressure vessel is suitable for our design.
 Main Componets Of Pressure Vessel
Following are main components of pressure vessel in general

 Shell
 Head
 Nozzle
 Support
 manhole
 gasket
 pipe etc…
 SHELL
 It is the primary component that contains the pressure. Pressure vessel shells in the
form of different plates are welded together to form a structure that has a common
rotational axis.

T=+ CA

 To check whether shell is thin or thick, when t <1/10 D, shell is called thin shell and
t > 1/10D, is called thick shell
 Hemispherical Head
 Heads are one of the important parts in pressure vessels and refer to the parts of the
vessel that confine the shell from both below and above the sides.
 All the pressure vessels must be closed at the ends by heads.
 Heads are typically curved rather than flat

𝑷𝑹
t=
𝟐𝑺𝑬−𝟎.𝟐𝑷
 NOZZLE
• A nozzle is a cylindrical components that penetrates into the shell or head of
pressure vessel
 they are used for the following applications.
 attach piping for flow into or out of the vessel
 attach instrument connection( pressure gauges, level .
Gauges).
 provide for direct attachment of other equipment items.
 provide access to the vessel interior at Manway.
SUPPORT: Is used to bear all the load of pressure vessel, Earth quake and wind load.

TYPES OF SUPPORTS
1. Skirt support
2. Saddle support
3. Lug support
4. Leg support

Skirt support: Is the most frequently used and the most satisfactory support for vertical Vessels.
it is a cylindrical shell section that is welded either to the lower portion of the vessel shell or the bottom
head(for cylindrical vessels).
The skirt not only allows the vessel to be placed at required height in the plant but also allow proper
bolting arrangement with civil foundation.
Manhole :is a cylindrical hole and we use as a way to clean our pressure
vessel.
To design of a manhole it is to be considered that an average person has a
shoulder width of 500mm to 600mm, so we design accordingly the man
shoulder.We assume manhole diameter is 600mm. For safety to anybody get in.
Then according to ASME ratio of diameter (dm) to height (hm) have to not to be
above 4.
Dm/hm ≤ 4
Then according to ASME thickness of the manhole will be calculated by
Tm=
Gaskets: are used in joint where pressure seals are needed and used to prevent leakage of fluid.
Reinforcement: is provided in amount and distribution such that the area requirements For
reinforcement are satisfied for all planes through the centre of opening and normal to Vessel surface.
Materials used for reinforcement shall have an allowable stress value equal to or greater than of the
material in this vessel wall.
Drainage
 The drainage is a nozzle like structure that is used as removing get when we clean our pressure
vessel. Assume drainage diameter is 150 mm and height 160mm;
Thickness of drainage can be calculated by:
=

Flange
 Flanges may be used on the shell of a vessel to permit disassembly and removal, for
cleaning of internal parts. Flanges are also used for making connections for piping and for
nozzle attachments of opening.
Welding
It is the process of welding of permanently joining two or more metal parts by the fusion of edges of
the metals with or without applying pressure and a filler metal.
THE END