Reduction of Multiple

Subsystems
Objectives
• Reduce a block diagram of multiple subsystems to a single block
representing the transfer function from input to output.
• Analyze and design transient response for a system consisting of
multiple subsystems.
• Convert block diagrams to signal-flow diagram.
• Find the transfer function of multiple subsystems using Mason's rule.
• Represent state equations as signal-flow graphs.
• Represent multiple subsystems in state space in cascade, parallel,
controller, canonical, and observer canonical forms .
Block Diagrams
• a system is represented as a block with an input, an output, and a
transfer function.
• Many systems are composed of multiple subsystems
Block Diagrams - components
 A.Cascade Form (Series)
• Cascaded sub system:

• Equivalent transfer function:

B. Parallel Form

• Parallel sub system:

• Equivalent transfer function:

C. Feedback Form
• Feedback Control system:

• Simplified Model:

• Equivalent transfer function:

Moving Blocks to Create Familiar Forms
• to the left past a summing junction
Moving Blocks to Create Familiar Forms
• to the right past a summing junction
Moving Blocks to Create Familiar Forms
• to the left past a pickoff point
Moving Blocks to Create Familiar Forms
• to the right past a pickoff point
Reduced the block diagram into a single
transfer function
Solution:
Solution:
Solution:
Exercise
Solution
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Try me!
Signal-Flow Graphs
• an alternative to block diagrams.
• consists only of branches, which represent systems, and nodes, which
represent signals.
Signal-Flow Graphs - Component
• System

• Signal

• Interconnection
Block Diagram to Signal Flow Diagram
Block Diagram to Signal Flow Diagram