FOUNDATIONS OF

EDUCATION
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Ana Mae L. Maru BSED III-B

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 The Philosophy of Education
● Focuses on the values, beliefs, and attitudes in relation to the process of growth of individuals

and society. c

● These values, beliefs, and attitudes determine the direction of our education particularly the
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aims, goals, objectives, contents, delivery and assessment of education.

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 Progressivism
● “Progressive” means “a conception of objects as something that are moving forward toward

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specific goal, further stage, or cumulative improvement”.

● Pragmatism is its philosophical root.

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● Educational progressivism is the belief that education must be based on the principle that

humans are social animals who learn best in real-life activities with other people.
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 Essentialism
● “Essential” means “a conception of objects as something that are abso lutely necessary,

indispensable, or vital”.
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● Essentialism views that education should focus on the fundamental and essential subjects, such
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as the 3 R’s (reading, writing, arithmetic) as the fundamental subjects at primary school level;

and five academic subjects at secondary school level (English, mathematics, science, history &
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foreign language).
 Realism
● “Real” means “a conception of objects as something that are actual, existence, and authentic,

rather than imaginary”.

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● Realism views the world in terms of objects and matter; and everything is derived from nature
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and is subjected to its laws.

● School of thought attributed to Aristotle

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 ● Existentialism is a kind of philosophizing that emphasizes the uniqueness and freedom of the

individual person against the herd, the crowd or the mass society.

● It contends, further, that all people are responsible for the meaning of their own existence and
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the creating of their own essence and self definition.
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● Reality or knowledge is not predetermined and is not a priori.

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 In the curriculum:
- Based on activities and projects that are in line with the
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pupils’ needs and abilities. Child-centered and experience-
based learning.
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 In the curriculum:
- Stresses activity; recognition of individual differences,
opportunities for making choices and awareness of
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consequence of introspection and self analysis through

individualized learning experiences.
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Great Idea!
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 It has assumed various forms:
Practicalism (William James) It holds the belief that the meaning of
an idea can be determined by the
Instrumentalism (John Dewey)
c consequences of its test/practice.
Expreimentalism (Charles Pierce)
It also believes that change is the
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Functionalism essence of reality.

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Critical Naturalism
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ideas on a more emotional level.

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Thank you!
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