Bioscience WBCS Mains 2022 (2nd HO

TISSUE SYSTEM)
By Anandita Das
 What is tissue? What are the types?
• Tissue is a group of cells having similar structure and function.
• It is generally two types- plant & animal tissue.
• In plants and animals groups of cells called tissues carry out specific functions.
• The term Histology was coined by- Meyer (1819)

• Study of Tissue- Histology

• Founder Father of Histology- Xavier Bichat
• True Father of Histology- Marcello Marpighi
• Formation of Tissue- Histogenesis
• Destruction of Tissue- Histolysis
Difference between plant & animal tissue
Types of plant tissue figure
 Plant tissue
• Plant tissues are of two main types.
• They are - Meristematic tissues and Permanent tissues.
• Meristematic tissues :- It is mainly three types. They are-
1. Apical meristematic
2. Intercalary meristematic tissues and
3. Lateral meristematic tissues.
• Permanent tissues :- It is mainly two types . They are- Simple permanent tissues
and Complex permanent tissues.
1. Simple permanent tissues are of three types. They are Parenchyma, Collenchyma
and Sclerenchyma.
2. Complex permanent tissues are of two types. They are Xylem and phloem.
 Meristematic tissue
• Meristematic tissues are found in the growing regions of the plant like the tips of
root, stem and branches. They divide continuously and help in the growth of the
plant. They are of three types.
1. Apical meristematic tissues:- They are present in the tips of stems and roots.
They help in the growth of stems and roots.
2. Lateral meristematic tissues:- They are present in the sides of stems and roots.
They help to increase the girth of the stems and roots (thickness).
3. Intercalary meristematic tissues:- They are present at the base of leaves and
internodes and help in the growth of those parts.
Figures- Plant tissue

Figure: Meristematic tissue

Quiescent center
• Root apex has a zone of slow dividing cells in the middle of
rapidly dividing cells, which is called quiescent center.
 Permanent Tissue
• Permanent tissues are formed from meristematic tissues.
• They do not divide and have permanent shape and size.
• Cells are either living or dead
• Permanent tissues are of two main types.
• They are Simple permanent tissues and Complex permanent tissues.
 Simple Permanent tissue
• They are of three types called Parenchyma, Collenchyma and Sclerenchyma.
 Parenchyma:-
1. Cells are living and consists of loosely packed thin walled cells having more intercellular spaces.
2. Some parenchyma cells in leaves contain chloroplast and prepares food by photosynthesis.
3. Some parenchyma cells have large air cavities which help the plant to float on water.
 Collenchyma:-
1. They are also living and consists of elongated cells having less intercellular spaces and thicker
at the corners.
2. They give flexibility and allows easy bending of different parts like stem, leaf etc.
3. They also give mechanical support to the plant.
4. They may also contain chlorophyll.
 Sclerenchyma:-
1. Consists of long, narrow, dead thick walled cells.
2. The cell walls contain lignin a chemical substance which act like cement and hardens them.
3. It gives strength and hardness to the plant parts.
4. Scleranchyma tissue is divided into – sclerenchyma fibre and sclereid
5. Sclerenchyma fibre related to xylem is called- wood fibre
6. Sclerenchyma fibre related to phloem is called- Bast fibre
Sclerenchyma fibre and sclereids
Figure- Simple Permanent Tissue
 Complex Permanent Tissue
There are two types of complex tissues. They are Xylem and Phloem. They are called
vascular or conducting tissues.
 Xylem (Dead tissue):- (L. Xylos= Wood)
• Consists of tracheids, vessels, xylem parenchyma and xylem fibres.
• The tracheids and vessels help to transport water and minerals from roots to all part
of the plant.
• Xylem parenchyma(only living part) stores food and fibres help in support.
 Phloem (Living tissue):- (Gk. Phloios= inner bark)
• Consists of sieve tubes (enucleate), companion cells, phloem parenchyma and
phloem fibres.
• The sieve tubes and companion cells transports food from leaves to all parts of the
plant.
• Phloem parenchyma stores food and fibres (only dead part) help in support.
Figure- Complex Permanent tissue
 Animal Tissue
• Animal tissues are of four main types.
• They are :- Epithelial tissue, Muscular tissue, Connective tissue and Nervous
tissue.
 Epithelial tissues:- They are of different types. They are :- Squamous,
Columnar, Cuboidal, Glandular etc.
 Muscular tissues :- They are of three types. They are :- Striated, Unstriated and
Cardiac.
 Connective tissues :- They are of different types. They are :- Blood, Bone,
Ligaments, Tendons, Cartilage, Areolar, Adipose etc.
 Nervous tissue:- They consists of nerve cells called neurons.
Types of Animal Tissue
 Epithelial Tissue
• Epithelial tissue is the covering or protective tissue in animals.
• It forms the outer covering like skin, outer covering of organs, inner lining of blood vessels,
lungs, oesophagus, etc.
• It protects the body and controls the movement of materials between the body and the
surroundings and between the parts of the body.
• The cells are closely arranged and have a fibrous basement membrane.
 Squamous epithelial tissue:- Consists of a layer of thin flat cells. It is present in the linings
of blood vessels, lungs, mouth, oesophagus etc. The skin has several layers of epithelial cells.
 Columnar epithelial tissue:- Consists of tall pillar like cells. It is present in the walls of the
intestine. The columnar epithelial tissue in the respiratory tract has hair like projections called
cilia. This tissue is sometimes called Ciliated columnar epithelial tissue.
 Cuboidal epithelial tissue :- Consists of cube shape cells having a basement membrane. It
forms the lining of kidney, tubules and ducts of salivary glands and provide mechanical
support.
 Glandular epithelial tissue:- Sometimes epithelial tissue folds inwards and forms a
multicellular gland which secretes substances. This tissue is called Glandular epithelial tissue.
Types of Epithelium
 Muscular Tissue
 Striated muscles:-
1. These are voluntary muscles having light and dark striations.
2. The cells are long, cylindrical and are multinucleated.
3. They are also called skeletal muscles because they are attached to bones.
4. They help in voluntary movements of the body.
 Unstriated muscles (Smooth muscles):-
1. These are involuntary muscles having no striations.
2. The cells are long and spindle shaped and are uninucleated.
3. They are present in alimentary canal, blood vessels, bronchi of lungs, iris of eye etc.
4. They help in involuntary movements.
 Cardiac muscles:-
1. These are involuntary muscles having faint striations.
2. The cells are long, cylindrical, branched and uni-nucleated.
3. They are present in the heart and helps in the contraction and relaxation of the heart.
Figure- Types of Muscle tissue
 Connective Tissue
• Connective tissue connects and joins the different parts of the body
together. The cells of the connective tissue are loosely packed and the
space between the cells are filled with a jelly like matrix.
• Blood:- Blood contains a fluid matrix called plasma which contains red
blood cells (RBC), white blood cells (WBC) and platelets. The blood
transports gases, digested food, hormones, waste materials etc.
• Bone:- It is a hard and strong tissue. Composed of calcium and
phosphorus compounds. Bone forms the framework of the body and
supports the body and the main organs.
• Ligaments:- These are flexible tissues which joins bones together and
helps in movements.
• Tendons:- These are fibrous tissues which joins muscles to bones and
helps in movements.
Figure:- Different types of connective tissue
 Blood
• Red colored fluid connective tissue
• Composed of plasma and corpuscles( WBC,RBC, Platelets)
• Slightly alkaline in nature (ph:7.4)
• An adult contains 5-6L of blood
• Process of blood formation- hematopoesis
• Study of blood - haematology
• Respiratory pigment is hemoglobin
• Helps in transportation of oxygen and carbon-di-oxide in the body
• Prawn, octopus contains blue coloured blood as they possess
haemocyanin(contains copper) instead of hemoglobin
Composition of blood
 Plasma
• Yellowish liquid component of blood
• Makes up 55-60% of the total volume of blood in the body
• It is mostly water (up to 90% by volume)
• Contains important dissolved proteins (6–8%) (e.g., serum albumins, 
globulins, and fibrinogen)
• Contains 3% salt
 Corpuscles
1. RBC/ erythrocytes-
• Circular, biconcave disc like structure
• Contain red pigment hemoglobin
• Non-nucleated in mammals (except in camel and lama)
• In humans, less amount of RBC causes Anemia and excess amount of RBC
causes polycythemia
• Life span is 100 to 120 days
• Normal amount- 4.5 to 5 million/cubic mm of blood
• RBC formed from bone marrow(during embryonic condition, RBC is
formed in liver/spleen)
• Spleen is called Blood Bank of Body
• RBCs are destroyed in liver/spleen (graveyard of RBC)
• Single RBC is yellow in colour
• Process of RBC formation- Erythropoesis
 Hemoglobin
• Hb is an iron containing chromoprotein /metalloprotein
• Composed of protein part Haem(iron) and a prosthetic group ,
globin
• Hemoglobin contains Iron (metal) in 2 states- ferrous and ferric
• Hb combine with O2 producing oxyhemoglobin
• Hb combine with CO2 producing carbamino-hemoglobin
• Hb in male- 14-15gm/100mL of blood
• Hb in female-11-13gm/100 L of blood
• Hb after breakdown is converted to bilirubin(bile pigment),
biliverdin and other compounds.
2. WBC/Leuckocyte-
• Colourless cells concerned with defense mechanism of the body
• Nucleated cells
• Life span 3-4 days
• Amount- 6000 to 8000/cubic mm of blood
• If present in less amount, causes- leukopenia
• If present in excess, causes- leukemia(blood cancer)
• Also called “policeman Of the body”
 • WBC are of 2 types:-
a) Granulocyte
 Neutrophil – most abundant WBC, shows phagocytosis (ie. Engulf
bacteria and digest them, thereby protecting the body from infections
 Basophil- least in number, secretes Heparin(an anticoagulant, helps to
prevent intravascular blood clotting)
 Eosinophil - has antiallergic actions (chemical reactions caused by
Histamine)
b) Agranulocyte
 Monocyte –largest WBC, shows phagocytosis
 Lymphocyte- smallest WBC, manufacture antibodies thereby providing
immunity to the body
3. Platelets
• Smallest corpuscle, concerned with clotting of blood
• Life span 3-7days
• Non- nucleated
• Amount- 3lakh/cubic mm of blood
• If present in less amount, causes thrombopenia
• If present in excess, causes thrombocytosis
 Nervous Tissue
• Nervous tissue helps to carry messages from one part of the body to the other
and responds to stimuli.
• Neuron (Structural & Functional unit of nervous system) :-
1. It has a cell body containing a nucleus and cytoplasm.
2. It has hair like structures called dendrites and a long part called axon having
nerve endings.
3. The axon has a protective covering called myelin sheath. In between myelin
Sheath “Node of Ranvier” is present.
4. The neurons are joined together to form nerve fibres. The junction between two
neurons is called synapse.
Figure:- Nerve Cell
Question Series

Unit of nervous tissue is

1. Nephron
2. Neuron
3. Cell
4. Both a and b
Question Series

Thickness of plant parts depend upon

1. Intercalary meristematic tissue

2. Apical meristematic tissue
3. Lateral meristematic tissue
4. None of the above
Question Series

The tissue responsible for transporting water in plants is

1. Xylem
2. Phloem
3. Neuron
4. Both a and b
Question Series

The connection between bones and muscles is known as

1. Tendon
2. Cartilage
3. Ligament
4. Bone
Thank You
See you next day