SECOND

MIDTERM
REVIEW
Matter and the Environment
CHEMICA
L BONDS
 CHEMICAL BONDS

INTRAMOLECULAR
FORCES

Forces of attraction that

exist within molecules
and hold atoms together.
 CHEMICAL BONDS
INTRAMOLECULAR FORCES

COVALENT BOND IONIC BOND METALLIC BOND

Nonmetal + nonmetal Metal + nonmetal Metals

Metals lose electrons to

Gain and lose
Electrons are shared. form positive ion and a
electrons.
“sea of electrons”.
 CHEMICAL BONDS
COVALENT BOND
Nonmetal Nonmetal
CHEMICAL BONDS
IONIC BOND
Metal Nonmetal
CHEMICAL BONDS
METALLIC BOND
Metals
CHEMICAL BONDS
CHEMICAL BONDS
ELECTRONEGATIVITY
 CHEMICAL BONDS

What type of bond is formed in H2?

Covalent bond
Ionic bond
Metallic bond
 CHEMICAL BONDS
COVALENT BOND
Nonmetal Nonmetal
 CHEMICAL BONDS
What type of bond is formed in H2?

Covalent bond
Ionic bond
Metallic bond
 CHEMICAL BONDS
What type of bond is formed in KF?

Covalent bond
Ionic bond
Metallic bond
CHEMICAL BONDS
IONIC BOND
Metal Nonmetal
 CHEMICAL BONDS

What type of bond is formed in KF?

Covalent bond
Ionic bond
Metallic bond
 CHEMICAL BONDS
If we have Atom A and Atom B with a difference of
electronegativity of 1.45, it would be:

Polar covalent bond

Ionic bond
Metallic bond
Nonpolar covalent bond
CHEMICAL BONDS
 CHEMICAL BONDS
If we have Atom A and Atom B with a difference of
electronegativity of 1.45, it would be:

Polar covalent bond

Ionic bond
Metallic bond
Nonpolar covalent bond
 CHEMICAL BONDS
What type of bond is formed in H2O?

Polar covalent bond

Ionic bond
Metallic bond
Nonpolar covalent bond
 CHEMICAL BONDS
COVALENT BOND
Nonmetal Nonmetal

It is a covalent bond
but… is it polar o
nonpolar?
 CHEMICAL BONDS

Oxygen= 3.50
Hydrogen= 2.20
Electrogativity difference= 3.50-2.20
Electronegativity difference= 1.3
CHEMICAL BONDS
 CHEMICAL BONDS
What type of bond is formed in H2O?

Polar covalent bond

Ionic bond
Metallic bond
Nonpolar covalent bond
 LEWIS
DOT
STRUCTU
RE
 LEWIS DOT STRUCTURE
VALENCE ELECTRONS IN EACH GROUP
 LEWIS DOT STRUCTURE
1 8

2
●Valence electrons 3 4 5 6 7
 LEWIS DOT STRUCTURE
From the following image select and write the option that has the correct Lewis Dot Structure for
Xenon:
 LEWIS DOT STRUCTURE
1 8

2
●Valence electrons 3 4 5 6 7
 LEWIS DOT STRUCTURE
From the following image select and write the option that has the correct Lewis Dot Structure for
Xenon:
 LEWIS DOT STRUCTURE
Write the Lewis Dot Structure for the molecule CO2:
MOLECU
LAR
GEOMET
RY
MOLECULAR GEOMETRY
 MOLECULAR GEOMETRY
What type of molecular geometry does HBr have?
 MOLECULAR GEOMETRY
What type of molecular geometry does H2S have?
 MOLECULAR GEOMETRY
1 8

2
Valence electrons 3 4 5 6 7

H has 1 valence
electron
S has 6 valence
electrons
MOLECULAR GEOMETRY
 MOLECULAR GEOMETRY
What type of molecular geometry does H2S have?
INTERMOL
ECULAR
FORCES
 INTERMOLECULAR FORCES

Forces of attraction or
repulsion
between molecules

They are much weaker than

intramolecular forces.
 INTERMOLECULAR FORCES
INTERMOLECULAR FORCES

�
HYDROGEN BOND DIPOLE- DIPOLE LONDON
DISPERSION
FORCES

All molecules and

�
Type of dipole- dipole Polar molecules
atoms have them
combining H + FON Permanent dipole
Momentary dipole

�
 INTERMOLECULAR FORCES
These molecular
geometries can be
split into exact
equal parts:
- Linear AB2
- Trigonal planar
- Tetrahedral
Regardless of their electronegativity
difference, symmetrical molecules
are NONPOLAR and have only
LONDON DISPERSION FORCES.
 INTERMOLECULAR FORCES
How do I identify the INTERMOLECULAR FORCES acting on a molecule?

STEP 1: Check electronegativity difference and identify if it is a polar o

nonpolar covalent bond

STEP 2: Check molecular geometry and identify if it is symmetrical or

not

STEP 3: Identify the polarity of the MOLECULE

Note: Does not apply for HYDROGEN BONDS- You can directly identify
if it is H + FON
 INTERMOLECULAR FORCES
How do I identify the INTERMOLECULAR FORCES acting on a
molecule?
CHEMICAL BOND MOLECULAR POLARITY OF INTERMOLECULAR
ELECTRONEGATIVITY GEOMETRY MOLECULE FORCE

London dispersion
POSSIBILITY 1 Polar Symmetrical Nonpolar
forces

Dipole- dipole/
POSSIBILITY 2 Polar Not symmetrical Polar
Hydrogen bond

London dispersion
POSSIBILITY 3 Nonpolar Symmetrical Nonpolar
forces

Not symmetrical
POSSIBILITY 4 Nonpolar with free lone pairs Polar Dipole- dipole
of electrons
Example 1
What type of intermolecular
forces hold the following
compound together?

CO2
 O has 6 valence
electrons

C has 4 valence
electrons
Electronegativity:
C=3.50 Checking
O=2.50 electronegativity
difference
3.50 -2.50 = 1
Checking molecular
geometry
Electronegativity: The electronegativity
difference indicates
C=3.50 that it is a polar
O=2.50 covalent bond.
3.50 -2.50 = 1
 However, because of its symmetry,
the polarities cancel each other out
making it a NONPOLAR molecule.

Nonpolar Bond London Dispersion Forces

Example 2
What type of intermolecular
forces hold the following
compound together?

CF4
 What type of intermolecular
forces hold the following
compound together?
Checking
CF4 electronegativity
difference
Electronegativities:
Carbon: 2.50
Fluorine: 2.83
 What type of intermolecular
forces hold the following
compound together?

CF4
Electronegativity differences:
2.83 — 2.50 = 0.33
What type of intermolecular
forces hold the following
compound together?

CF4
0.33
What type of intermolecular
forces hold the following
compound together?

Nonpolar Bond London

Dispersion Forces
 What type of intermolecular
forces hold the following
compound together?

CF4
Checking molecular
geometry
C has 4 valence
electrons
F has 7 valence
electrons
 What type of intermolecular
forces hold the following
compound together?

CF4
*CF4 is a tetrahedral molecule, so you know it
will be non-polar because of its symmetry
Nonpolar Molecule London Dispersion Forces
Example 3
 What type of intermolecular
forces hold the following
compound together?

NH3
What type of intermolecular
forces hold the following
compound together?

Remember: F-O-N!

NH3 Hydrogen bonds occur when H is

bonded to Fluorine, Oxygen, or
Nitrogen
What type of intermolecular
forces hold the following
compound together?

NH3
Hydrogen
Bond
NOMENCLATU
RE OF
INORGANIC
COMPOUNDS
Example 1
 Write the name for:
HI

Type of inorganic compound:

Binary Acid

Hydroiodic acid
Example 2
Write the correct formula formula for
hydrophosphoric acid

Type of inorganic compound:

Binary Acid
+1 -3
H P
H3 P
Example 3
 Write the name for:
H2SO3

Type of inorganic compound:

Tertiary Acid
 Sulfite Acid
Sulfurous Acid
Example 4
Write the correct formula for copper
(II) hydroxide.

Type of inorganic compound:

Hydroxide
 +2 -1
Cu OH
Cu(OH)2
Example 4
 Write the correct name for:
CaBr2

Type of inorganic compound:

Binary Salt
Calcium Bromide
Example 5
 Write the correct name for:
NI3

Type of inorganic compound:

molecular compound
Nitrogen Triiodide