STRUCTURE

What comes into your mind when you heard

the word STRUCTURE?
 Let us take a look of school structure.
• What structure of the
school serves as the
framework that
protects the entire
school from the
outside?
• What structure of the
school serves as the
opening that controls
the in and out?
• What structure
serves as the control
unit of the school?

• Principal
• Principal’s Office
 • canteen

• Where do we find or
stored food and
water in the school?
• Where do the school
get its power supply?
• Who transmit
knowledge to the
students?
• Where does the
transferring of
knowledge takes
place?
 • School ground
• Where we can find all
the structures in the
school?
Cell Structure and Function
Cell Structure
& Function
 Cell Theory
• All living things are made up of cells.

• Cells are the smallest working units of all

living things.

• All cells come from preexisting cells through

cell division.
 Definition of Cell

A cell is the smallest unit that is

capable of performing life
functions.

The cell is the basic unit of life.

 Examples of Cells
Amoeba Proteus

Plant Stem

Bacteria

Red Blood Cell

Nerve Cell
 “Typical” Animal Cell

http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/images/cell.gif
 “Typical” Plant Cell

http://waynesword.palomar.edu/images/plant3.gif
Cell Parts
Organelles
Surrounding the Cell
Cell Membrane

• Outer membrane of
cell that controls
movement in and out
of the cell
• Double layer
Cell Wall
• Most commonly found in
plant cells & bacteria
• Provides support and
protection for
plant
cell walls
• Made of porous cellulose
so it
does not regulate
Inside the Cell
 Cytoplasm
• Gel-like mixture
• Surrounded by cell membrane
• Contains hereditary material
• components of cytoplasm
– Interconnected filaments & fibers
– Fluid = cytosol
– Organelles (not nucleus)
– storage substances
 Nucleus
• Control center of cell
• Separated from
cytoplasm by nuclear
membrane (Double
membrane)
• Contains genetic
material - DNA
– Chromosomes
– Nucleolus
 Nuclear Membrane
• Surrounds nucleus
• Made of two layers
• Openings allow
material to enter and
leave nucleus

http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
 Nucleolus
• Inside nucleus
• Contains RNA to
build proteins

http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
 DNA
• Hereditary material

• Chromosomes
–DNA
–Protiens
–Form for cell division
• Chromatin
 Ribosomes
• Each cell contains
thousands
• Make proteins
• Found on ribosomes
& floating throughout
the cell
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Helps move substances
within cells
• Network of interconnected
membranes
• Two types
– Rough endoplasmic
reticulum
– Smooth endoplasmic
reticulum
 Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Ribosomes attached
to surface
– Manufacture proteins
– Not all ribosomes
attached to rough ER
• May modify proteins
from ribosomes
 Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

• No attached ribosomes
• Has enzymes that help
build molecules
– Carbohydrates
– Lipids
 Smooth ER vs. Rough ER
• Rough ER - ribosomes on the ER make
proteins, the ER modifies the proteins
• Smooth ER - makes lipids
 Golgi Bodies
• Protein 'packaging
plant'
• Move materials
within the cell
• Move materials out
of the cell
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
 Mitochondria
• Produces energy through
chemical reactions – breaking
down fats & carbohydrates
• Controls level of water and
other materials in cell
• Recycles and decomposes
proteins, fats, and
carbohydrates
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
 Chloroplast
• Usually found in plant cells
• Contains green chlorophyll
• Where photosynthesis takes
place

http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
 Mitochondria
vs.
Chloroplasts

• Mitochondria make
energy from chemicals
(food molecules)
• Chloroplasts make
energy from light
through
photosynthesis
 Lysosome
• Digestive 'plant' for proteins,
fats, and carbohydrates
• Transports undigested material
to cell membrane for removal
• Cell breaks down if lysosome
explodes
• Contain digestive enzymes
• Functions
– Aid in cell renewal
– Break down old cell parts
– Digests invaders
• http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
 Vacuoles
• Membrane-bound sacs
for storage, digestion,
and waste removal
• Contains water solution
• Help plants maintain
shape

http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
 Assignment
What is the similarities and differences
between:
• prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell; and
• plant and animal cell?