How does an

Amoeba ingest its

food?
 Feeding Mechanisms in Animals
Filter Feeding Substrate Feeding

Extract food particles Eat their way through the soil

suspended in surface water while digesting and excreting
and sieve it to various filtering food as they crawl.
structures.
 Feeding Mechanisms in Animals
Fluid Feeders Bulk Feeders

Ingest their food by sucking They ingest large pieces of

nutrient-rich fluid from a living food into their mouth.
host that is either a plant or an
animal.
ENDOCYTOSIS Came from Greek words “edno” which
means inside and “kytos” which means cell.
 Stages of Food Processing

The act of taking in food via the

mouth cavity.
Involves mechanical and
chemical breakdown of large
molecules.
Small molecules will be absorbed by
the lining of the digestive tract.

Undigested food is removed

from the digestive tract.
 WATER

Is a biological solvent.

Appears as a clear, nontoxic liquid composed
of hydrogen and oxygen, essential for life and
the most widely used solvent.
 Essential Nutrients
Carbohydrates Proteins

Are macromolecules that Are macromolecules essential

provide the main source of for the growth of new
energy in the body. protoplasm and repair of worn-
out body cells and tissues.
Should be broken down into
Animals require 20 amino
its monomer, the glucose.
acids to make proteins.
8 – Essential amino acids
12 – Nonessential amino acids
 Essential Nutrients
Lipids Fats

Are macromolecules that Are made up of long chains of

function for energy and
structural support in cell
membranes.
Most familiar lipids are in the
form of fats and oil.
fatty acids connected with
glycerol molecules.
Saturated fats – found in
animals products.
Unsaturated fats – those
found in plant oil.
 Essential Nutrients
Minerals Vitamins

Are inorganic materials Are complex organic

needed by the body to
maintain homeostasis.
Minerals needed by the body
in small amounts are called
trace elements.
compounds that are not
manufactured by the body.
Fat-soluble vitamins –
Vitamins A, D, E, and K
Water-soluble vitamins –
Vitamins A and B
Kwashiorkor
OSMOREGULATION AND
EXCRETION
THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM
Are excretion and
elimination similar or
different?

Different. These two things

are different.
 Elimination vs. Excretion
ELIMINATION
Elimination of unabsorbed and
undigested food in the form of
feces.
Elimination is performed by the
rectum/anus (digestive system).
EXCRETION
Excretion involves the removal of
ingested materials or metabolic
wastes.
Excretion is performed by the:
• skin – waste heat, urea, water,
salts
• respiratory system – CO2(g),
water, alcohol
• kidneys – urea, uric acid, excess
water, salts (through the urine)
Urine Formation

18
19
PERPETUATIO
N
 Difference between Sexual and Asexual
Reproduction
ASEXUAL SEXUAL
REPRODUCTION REPRODUCTION

Number of parents
involved One Two

No need for gamete Sperm has to fertilize

Gametes
union the egg cell

Genetic composition of Genetically identical to Generally are hybrids of

offspring parent (Clone) parents
 TYPES OF FERTILIZATION

INTERNAL FERTILIZATION EXTERNAL FERTILIZATION

It is when male deposits It is when gametes meet
sperm inside the female’s outside the body.
body.

Usually occurs in acquatic

Usually occurs in land
environments.
animals including mammals,
some reptiles, and birds.
 There are three ways that offspring are
produced following internal fertilization
OVIPARITY OVOVIVIPARITY
Fertilized egg are laid Hatch eggs inside their
outside the female’s body. bodies, then expel live
young.
There are three ways that offspring are
produced following internal fertilization
VIVIPARITY

The offspring develops in the

female and is born alive.